“…The position of the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) plays a key role in global climate variability owing to the link between latitudinal shifts in the SWW and Southern Ocean upwelling, which leads to CO 2 outgassing (Ai et al, 2020;Marshall & Speer, 2012;Sigman & Boyle, 2000). Modeling studies generally support the link between SWW intensity (Tschumi, et al, 2008) and/or position (Huiskamp et al, 2016;Persch et al, 2023), Southern Ocean ventilation, and atmospheric CO 2 concentration albeit with some disagreement about the sign of changes. They do, however, agree on the shared roles of the physical and biological pumps in determining atmospheric CO 2 concentrations.…”