The Impact of Oral Contraceptives on Women's Periodontal Health and the Subgingival Occurrence of Aggressive Periodontopathogens and Candida Species

Abstract

OC use may increase the risk of severe periodontitis and seems to cause a selection of certain Candida species in periodontal pockets. OC users showed a higher prevalence of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and A. actinomycetemcomitans compared to non-users. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata were the species with the ability to survive in the conditions created by the sex hormones after 3 years.

Fungi at the Scene of the Crime: Innocent Bystanders or Accomplices in Oral Infections?

“…Finally, A. actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with severe periodontitis [44]. In vitro, A. actinomycetemcomitans adheres to hyphae, although interactions with C. albicans show decreased fungal biofilm formation which is mediated by the luxS-synthesised autoinducer-2 (AI-2)-dependent mechanism.…”

Oral Health and Oral Contraceptive - Is it a Shadow behind Broad Day Light? A Systematic Review

“…Moreover, oral contraceptive users also showed a higher prevalence of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and A. actinomycetemcomitans as compared to non-users [16]. Brusca MI et al, (2010) The gingival index and plaque index of contraceptive users was increased as the duration of oral contraceptive increased, 23 subjects using oral contraceptives for ≤ 12 months showed mean gingival and plaque index of (1. The test group showed increased probing depth (2.228±0.011 x 2.154±0.012; p<0.0001) and sulcular bleeding index (0.229±0.006 x 0.148±0.005, p<0.0001) than controls. No significant differences between groups were found in clinical attachment level (0.435±0.01 x 0.412±0.01; p=0.11).…”

“…In a study by Farhad SZ et al, in 2013, the significant difference in the probing pocket depth (3.78) and clinical attachment loss (1.87) was found between the case and control groups (p<0.05) [16]. According to the study conducted by Brusca MI et al, in 2010 it was found that the oral contraceptive users had deeper probing depths (≥5 mm) than non-users and clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm than non-users (p<0.01) [15]. In a study by Ardakani AH et al, in 2010 he found mean pocket depth and attachment loss of oral contraceptive user and non oral contraceptive user are 2.06 ± 0.22, 2.1 ± 0.20 and 1.0004 ± 0.23 and 0.98 ± 0.24 respectively [13].…”

The Oral Cavity: A Reservoir that Favors Colonization and Selection of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto Strains with High Pathogen Potential Under Conditions of Gingival-periodontal Disease

“…A PCR assay optimization was performed with specific primers derived from sequences of the ITS1-5.8SrRNA-ITS2 region (Table 1), according to a study conducted by Asadzadeh et al [30]. The results were validated using Sanger sequencing, for which we employed an end-point PCR with ITS 1 and ITS 4 panfungal primers to amplify and sequence the ITS 1-ITS 4 region of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene, as described by White et al [21]. Amplified fragments were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using the ABI Prism 3730XL DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Bs.As.-Argentina), with primers ITS 1 and ITS 4.…”

“…15. subjects. Among the local and/or systemic factors associated with the higher distribution of NAC species in the oral cavity, we could mention the use of prosthetic devices [11]; being elderly, [15] elderly with low body mass index [16]; being an oncological patient undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy [17,18]; being a diabetic patient with poor metabolic control [19], being a man using anabolic androgenic steroids [20] or a woman using oral contraceptives [21].…”