“…Energy stored as gametes can also be reabsorbed and act as a trade-off with fecundity (Stumpp et al, 2012;Verkaik et al, 2017;Rossin et al, 2019). However, considerable physiological resilience to ocean acidification has been demonstrated at various life-cycle stages in bivalves (Dell'Acqua et al, 2019), echinoderms (Verkaik et al, 2017), and corals (Gizzi et al, 2017), and during short incubations, appears to show no significant effects on growth and reproduction in benthic invertebrates (Dell'Acqua et al, 2019), even in food limited scenarios (Goethel et al, 2017). Laboratory experiments have shown that higher food quality and availability has a role in buffering the physiological effects of climate change and ocean acidification (Asnaghi et al, 2013), with positive effects reported in Calanus copepods (Pedersen et al, 2014), bivalves (Thomsen et al, 2013), and barnacles (Pansch et al, 2014).…”