The Impact of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Extraction Method on the Co-Extraction of Trace Metals from Fucus vesiculosus

Abstract

In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been widely investigated for the extraction of food and medicinal plants as well as seaweeds. However, the ability of NADES for trace elements co-extraction from natural sources is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of common NADES for trace elements co-extraction from Fucus vesiculosus. All of the tested NADES did not recover As and Co (concentration <LOQ). Moreover, all of the tested NADES provided a low recovery (<9%) of Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The method of extraction had not shown a statistically significant effect on the co-extraction of all elements (excluding Ba and Ca). In contrast, the water content in NADES was significantly affected on the recovery of Ba, Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The recovery of Al and Cr was relatively high and considerably varied (from 1.5 to 59.9%). NADES comprising lactic acid:glucose:H2O (5:3:1) provided the lowest contents of all elements, and the highest extracted amounts were obtained employing water contents of 60–80%. The calculated daily intake of all the elements contained in NADES extracts were less than the daily dose risk estimators. The hazard quotients, hazard indexes, and carcinogenic risk calculated for all trace elements and their combination were considerably less than 1. This evidences no health risk, and carcinogenic risk after topical application of all studied NADES. For the first time, the results of the current study demonstrated that NADES extracts of F. vesiculosus contain a lower amount of trace metals and are safer than the extracts obtained with water and 70% acetone. This indicates a significant advantage for NADES compared with the other solvents.

Arctic Edible Brown Alga Fucus distichus L.: Biochemical Composition, Antiradical Potential and Human Health Risk

“…For the evaluation of the accuracy of the method, a reference sample of Cu was added to the F. distichus sample as described in [ 41 ]. The mean recovery value of Cu was 94–104%.…”

From Nature to Innovation: The Uncharted Potential of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Medicinal plants can accumulate a high amount of trace elements due to the industrial load on the environment, which are transferred with solvents from the plant material to the extract [158,159]. In the work of Shikov et al, acid-based NaDESs (polar solvents) are seen as an alternative to co-extract trace elements from the roots of this plant [160][161][162]. Five NaDESs were used to co-extract trace elements and glycyrrhizic acid (GA, one of the key active principles in licorine and the dominant phytochemical in the plant) from the roots of G. glabra and, due to similarities in the pKa of tactic acid and GA, the yield of GA in lactic acid-based NaDESs was higher in comparison with the other NaDESs.…”

“…the isolation of natural products from medicinal plants[148] Choline chloride:malonic acid Choline chloride:malic acid Choline chloride:tartaric acid Choline chloride:citric acid 1with 30% water addition)Alternative for co-extracting trace elements from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L [160][161][162]. Lactic acid:glucose:water Choline chloride:lactic acid Choline chloride:malic acid 5…”

Exploring Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Saffron (C. sativus) Floral By-Products Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction, and Subcritical Water Extraction

“…Recent research demonstrated that there was no health or carcinogenic risk following topical application of the tested NaDESs, with the calculated daily intake of trace elements from the NaDES extracts being below the daily dose risk estimators. This suggests that NaDESs can have yet another important advantage over other solvents [ 30 ]. For this purpose, Lakka et al [ 31 ] performed an NaDES extraction technique assisted by a batch-stirred tank extractor, using as a naturally derived solvent a eutectic mixture of L-lactic acid (HBD) and glycine (HBA) (5:1 ratio), which proved to be green and efficient.…”