“…The term "ToRCH agents" refers to a class of infections that can be transmitted vertically, either intrauterinally, subpartum, or postnatally, and include pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, teratogenic cytomegalovirus (CMV), and types 1 and 2 of herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2). These infections can cause significant congenital disabilities and even foetal death (Maldonado et al, 2011, Neu et al, 2015Wang et al, 2019;Warnecke et al, 2020;FPDRS, 2022;Boston Children's Hospital, 2022;Li et al, 2023). Additional pathogens associated with pregnancy include human parvovirus-B19, varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia trachomatis, parvovirus-B19, Treponema pallidum, Coxsackie virus, and hepatitis B (Sadik et al, 2012;Neu et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2019;Warnecke et al, 2020;Li et al, 2023).…”