“…Regarding their delinquency, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory has provided a useful theoretical framework. Using this theory, copious studies have accounted for various types of deviant and criminal behaviors (e.g., Baek, Losavio, & Higgins, 2016; Cochran, Wood, Sellers, Wilkerson, & Chamlin, 1998; Donner & Jennings, 2014; Desmond, Bruce, & Stacer, 2012; Higgins, 2005, 2006; Moon, Hwang, & McCluskey, 2011). On the other hand, there were a lack of studies applying self-control theory to NA youth (Morris et al, 2006).…”