Long-term care (LTC) consists of medical and social services for individuals with chronic conditions or disability that have difficulties with their activities of daily living (e.g., Lipszyc et al., 2012; National Institute on Aging, 2017). Public LTC systems are common across countries within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to address the failure of unregulated LTC markets (Finkelstein & McGarry, 2006;Forder et al., 1996), and public spend on LTC in most of these countries is considerable. In 2017, for example, the Netherlands, the Nordic countries and Switzerland were among those spending the most on public LTC, that is, between 2.5% and 4% of GDP. The provision of public LTC has the primary goal of improving the quality of life of the service user (Fernandez et al., 2011). In addition, LTC aims to support the health care sector in achieving a better allocation of resources by providing less costly alterna-