The impact of levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis activity in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism and early-onset androgenetic alopecia

Krysiak, Robert; Kowalcze, Karolina; Marek, Bogdan

doi:10.5603/ep.a2021.0071

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These were all case-control studies. The results showed that men with early-onset AGA may experience less benefit from rosuvastatin [ 64 ], metformin [ 65 , 66 ], lisinopril [ 67 ], levothyroxine [ 68 ], Vitamin D [ 69 ], or bromocriptine [ 70 ] when treating dyslipidemia, prediabetes, hypertension, autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, or prolactin excess, respectively, compared to the contemporaries without alopecia. However, one exception was noted, as the impact of metformin on gonadotroph secretory function appeared to be stronger in men with early-onset AGA compared to those with normal hair growth [ 66 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with early-onset androgenetic alopecia: A scoping review

Liu,

Wariboko,

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Early-onset androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been associated with various chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Gaining a deep understanding of early-onset AGA may enable earlier intervention in individuals at high risks. This scoping review aims to explore the risk factors and etiology, associated conditions, and adverse effects on wellbeing in early-onset AGA. Methods Electronic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRIAL. Eligible studies included case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and meta-analysis studies. Selected studies needed to clearly define early-onset AGA cases or include only cases starting before the age of 40 and compare them with appropriate controls. The exclusion criteria comprised editorials, commentaries, case series, and non-systematic reviews, among others. Data extraction involved collecting study characteristics, methodologies, main outcomes, and findings. Descriptive tables were used to summarize key information and relevant variables when necessary. Results Among the 65 eligible articles, 67.69% were case-control studies and 78.46% evaluated only male patients. “Early-onset” was defined as cases developing before the age of 30 years in 43.08% of the studies. The Hamilton–Norwood scale was the most frequently used method for evaluating the severity of alopecia in men (69.23%). Reported risk factors for early-onset AGA included a family history of AGA, cigarette smoking, unhealthy dietary habits, and a high body mass index. Early-onset AGA may also be associated with hormonal profiles, 5α-reductase enzyme activity, androgen receptor genes, and some susceptibility loci. Comorbidities investigated included MetS, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and Parkinson’s disease. Men with early-onset AGA may have reduced treatment efficacy with drug like rosuvastatin, metformin or lisinopril for dyslipidemia, prediabetes, or hypertension. Additionally, young men with AGA tended to suffer from psychological issues such as anxiety and low self-esteem compared to those without hair loss. Conclusion Early-onset AGA is a complex condition with various risk factors and etiology, associated comorbidities, and potential implications for treatment response and psychological health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with early-onset androgenetic alopecia: A scoping review

Liu,

Wariboko,

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Some theories propose a connection between MPA and metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and/or hypogonadism, but this link is not universally accepted [ 66 , 67 ]. Early-onset androgenetic alopecia has been associated with low testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels, and testosterone replacement in hypogonadism may contribute to a decrease in antithyroid antibodies in these patients [ 67 , 68 ]. A small study conducted in 2021 on autoimmune hypothyroidism patients, suggested that male patients without baldness may have a better response to TH replacement therapy compared to those with MPA [ 68 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early-onset androgenetic alopecia has been associated with low testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels, and testosterone replacement in hypogonadism may contribute to a decrease in antithyroid antibodies in these patients [ 67 , 68 ]. A small study conducted in 2021 on autoimmune hypothyroidism patients, suggested that male patients without baldness may have a better response to TH replacement therapy compared to those with MPA [ 68 ]. However, more evidence is needed to support this finding.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Hair Disorders

Hussein,

Atia,

Bin Dayel

2023

Cureus

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Hair loss is a problem for everyone, regardless of their age or sex. The three most prevalent types of hair loss, telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, and androgenetic alopecia, have been associated with a variety of risk factors. Strong evidence links thyroid hormones (THs) to hair loss. THs control the growth, differentiation, metabolism, and thermogenesis of body cells. The skin is a significant target organ for THs; however, the cellular and molecular causes of thyroid dysfunction-related skin diseases remain unknown. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and drug-induced hypothyroidism can induce widespread hair shedding. Little information is available regarding the incidence and effects of thyroid dysfunction on hair problems. This study aimed to review the impact and prevalence of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the underestimated prevalence and impact of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The review of scientific articles, including original research, review articles, and a case report, provides a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This research adds to the existing literature by enhancing our understanding of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and hair disorders. It contributes to the body of evidence by reviewing relevant studies and summarizing the impact of thyroid disorders on hair loss. The study also highlights the gaps in knowledge and the need for more research in this area to improve the diagnosis and management of hair disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction.

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Study of the Thyroid Profile of Patients with Alopecia

Popa

Cârșote

Crețoiu

et al. 2023

JCM

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Thyroid hormones are required for the physiological growth and maintenance of hair follicles. We aim to study the thyroid profile of patients with alopecia. This is a narrative review. PubMed literature was searched from 2013 to 2022. We followed different types of alopecia: alopecia areata (AA), androgenic alopecia in males and females, telogen effluvium (TE), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), lichen planopilaris, and alopecia neoplastica (AN). AA shares a common autoimmune background with autoimmune thyroid diseases, either sporadic or belonging to autoimmune polyglandular syndromes. Some data suggested that AA is more severe if thyroid anomalies are confirmed, including subclinical dysfunction or positive antithyroid antibodies with normal hormone values. However, routine thyroid screening for patients with AA, if the patients are asymptomatic from a thyroid point of view and they have negative personal and family history of autoimmunity, remains controversial. TE, apart from the autoimmune type, associates thyroid anomalies of a hormonal assay (between 5.7% and 17%). FFA, mostly a postmenopausal entity (however, not exclusive), associates a higher prevalence of thyroid conditions (up to 50%) than the general population. However, these might have an age-dependent pattern, thus the association may be incidental since there are a limited number of studies. Overall, alopecia remains a very challenging condition for patients and physicians; a multidisciplinary team is required to improve the outcome and quality of life. The common autoimmune background is suggestive of some types of alopecia and thyroid disorders, yet, the underlying mechanisms are still a matter of debate. AA, TE, FFA, LPP, and, potentially, female pattern hair loss have been found to be connected with thyroid entities, thus a state of awareness from a dual perspective, of trichology and endocrinology, is helpful.

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The impact of levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis activity in men with autoimmune hypothyroidism and early-onset androgenetic alopecia

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Factors associated with early-onset androgenetic alopecia: A scoping review

Factors associated with early-onset androgenetic alopecia: A scoping review

Impact of Thyroid Dysfunction on Hair Disorders

Study of the Thyroid Profile of Patients with Alopecia

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