The impact of IXPs on the AS-level topology structure of the Internet

Gregori, Enrico; Improta, Alessandro; Lenzini, Luciano; Orsini, Chiara

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2010.09.002

Cited by 54 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…By using the very comprehensive study carried out by Augustin et al [6], we aim to measure the impact these IXP peering links are having on the evolving Internet topology to-day. Gregori et al [26], presented an initial work discussing the impact IXP links are having on the ASlevel Internet topology while we provide a more in-depth analysis and characterization of various graph based topology metrics in our work. Our aim is to interpret and analyze the effects these IXP peering links are having on the Internet topology.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the Effects of Internet Exchange Points on Internet Topology

Ahmad

Guha²

2012

J Inform Tech Soft Engg

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The recent uncovering of a high number of peering links at Internet Exchange Point (IXP) locations across the world has made these exchange switches a critical component of the Internet Autonomous System (AS) level ecosystem. Studies concentrating on the internet topology evolution have surmised that numerous links hidden at these exchange points hold the key towards solving the missing links problem in studying the evolution of the AS-level topology of the Internet. In this work, we study the effect of this set of hitherto unseen peering links on the visible Internet topology. Starting with a set of measurements determining the growth of IXPs in the inter-domain routing architecture of the Internet and continuing with a more advanced graph based metric analysis of available Internet topology data, we conclude that IXP links follow power law increase characteristics while exhibiting definitive clustering characteristics. Moreover, these additional links affect the joint degree distributions of nodes with higher degrees while leaving most other types of nodes unchanged. We conclude that the currently inferred AS-level maps of the Internet demonstrate considerable variations with the incorporation of these new links and could eventually lead to a remodeling of our understanding of Internet topology evolution.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the Effects of Internet Exchange Points on Internet Topology

Ahmad

Guha²

2012

J Inform Tech Soft Engg

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“…For example, CAIDA's AS Relationships Dataset [17] only uses BGP routes in order to infer AS ToRs. Shavitt and Shir [13], and more recently Gregori et al [18], showed that BGP and traceroute measurement sources complement each other. Therefore, our augmentation of an existing AS ToR dataset according to an additional source of traceroute measurements is important by itself.…”

Section: Anomaly Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving AS relationship inference using PoPs

Neudorfer¹,

Shavitt²,

Zilberman³

2013

2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM

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Abstract-The Internet is a complex network, comprised of thousands of interconnected Autonomous Systems. Considerable research is done in order to infer the undisclosed commercial relationships between ASes. These relationships, which have been commonly classified to four distinct Type of Relationships (ToRs), dictate the routing policies between ASes. These policies are a crucial part in understanding the Internet's traffic and behavior patterns. This work leverages Internet Point of Presence (PoP) level maps to improve AS ToR inference. We propose a method which uses PoP level maps to find complex AS relationships and detect anomalies on the AS relationship level. We present experimental results of using the method on ToR reported by CAIDA and report several types of anomalies and errors. The results demonstrate the benefits of using PoP level maps for ToR inference, requiring considerable less resources than other methods theoretically capable of detecting similar phenomena.

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“…On the contrary, we encourage the readers of this article to use it as a stepping stone towards becoming more familiar with the related topics discussed by Norton and considering some of his more economics-focused arguments into future studies of the Internet ecosystem. While IXPs have occasionally featured in networking research papers (see, for example, [60,85,65,56,76,59,78,63], to mention but a few), they are typically the focal point of Norton's white papers on various aspects related to peering (e.g., [69,71,72]) and of reports by organizations such as Euro-IX [24,77], Internet Society [66,67], or governing or regulatory bodies such as OECD [29,83], EU [41], FCC [51,54], and ITU [52,53]. Our hope is that this article will raise awareness among networking researchers about the importance and relevance of IXPs for today's Internet ecosystem by connecting ongoing or planned research efforts in this area more tightly with the expertise that exists within the network operator/provider communities on IXPs and IXP-related issues but is often ignored or not understood by the more research-oriented networking community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

There is more to IXPs than meets the eye

Chatzis

Smaragdakis

Feldmann

et al. 2013

SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.

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Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) are generally considered to be the successors of the four Network Access Points (NAPs) that were mandated as part of the decommissioning of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) in 1994/95 to facilitate the transition from the NSFNET to the "public Internet" as we know it today. While this popular view does not tell the whole story behind the early beginnings of IXPs, what is true is that since around 1994, the number of operational IXPs worldwide has grown to more than 300 (as of May 2013 1 ), with the largest IXPs handling daily traffic volumes comparable to those carried by the largest Tier-1 ISPs. However, IXPs have never really attracted much attention from the networking research community. At first glance, this lack of interest seems understandable as IXPs have apparently little to do with current "hot" topic areas such as data centers and cloud services or Software Defined Networking (SDN) and mobile communication. However, we argue in this article that, in fact, IXPs are all about data centers and cloud services and even SDN and mobile communication and should be of great interest to networking researchers interested in understanding the current and future Internet ecosystem. To this end, we survey the existing but largely fragmented sources of publicly available information about IXPs to describe their basic technical and operational aspects and highlight the critical differences among the various IXPs in the different regions of the world, especially in Europe and North America. More importantly, we illustrate the important role that IXPs play in today's Internet ecosystem and discuss how IXP-driven innovation in Europe is shaping and redefining the Internet marketplace, not only in Europe but increasingly so around the world.

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The impact of IXPs on the AS-level topology structure of the Internet

Cited by 54 publications

References 14 publications

Studying the Effects of Internet Exchange Points on Internet Topology

Studying the Effects of Internet Exchange Points on Internet Topology

Improving AS relationship inference using PoPs

There is more to IXPs than meets the eye

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