The Impact of Intestinal Microorganisms and Their Metabolites on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology comprising numerous genetic and environmental factors; however, many of the mechanisms underlying disease development remain unclear. Nevertheless, a critical role has recently been assigned to intestinal microorganisms in T1DM disease pathogenesis. In particular, a decrease in intestinal microbial diversity, increase in intestinal permeability, and the translocation of intestinal bacteria to the pancreas have been reported in patients and animal models with T1DM. Moreover, intestinal microbial metabolites differ between healthy individuals and patients with T1DM. Specifically, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, which contributes to intestinal barrier integrity and immune response regulation, is significantly reduced in patients with T1DM. Considering this correlation between intestinal microorganisms and T1DM, many studies have investigated the potential of intestinal microbiota in preventive and therapeutic strategies for T1DM. Objective: The aim of this review is to provide further support for the notion that intestinal microbiota contributes to the regulation of T1DM occurrence and development. In particular, this article reviews the involvement of the intestinal microbiota and the associated metabolites in T1DM pathogenesis, as well as recent studies on the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in T1DM prevention and treatment. Conclusion:Intestinal microbes and their metabolites contribute to T1DM occurrence and development and may become a potential target for novel therapeutics.

Gut Microbiome Profiles Are Related to Atypical Antipsychotic Associated Overweight in Asian Children with Psychiatric Disorder

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Gut microbiome profiles may be related to atypical antipsychotic associated overweight in Asian children with psychiatric disorder: a preliminary study

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Advances in fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

“…After FMT, the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli increased, and with an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroides increasing the F/B ratio along with an increase in floral diversity, the distribution of gut microbiota approached normal ( de Groot et al., 2021 ; He et al., 2022 ; Xie et al., 2022 ). Although T1DM is an autoimmune disease, patients may exhibit abnormal plasma metabolism ( Zheng et al., 2022 ). In a longitudinal study, the early development of T1DM in infants was associated with reduced levels of sugar derivatives, amino acids, and fatty acids (including SCFAs), compared with controls ( Huang et al., 2020 ).…”