The impact of initial concentration of selected pharmaceuticals on their early stage of dissipation in soils

Selective accumulation of pharmaceutical residues from 6 different soils by plants: a comparative study on onion, radish, and spinach

“…3). This fact clearly demonstrated the stability of this molecule within the soil environment as clearly noticed by previous researchers (Kodešová et al 2020;Menacherry et al 2022b). The results obtained after the simultaneous application of these pharmaceuticals are presented in a later section.…”

“…Minor differences were also observed in the remaining concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil as well (Fig. 3B; please see Tables S15 for exact values), indicating either an enhancement in their accumulation (e.g., onion leaves) or their faster dissipation after applying them simultaneously as already noticed by various researchers (Khalaf et al 2022;Menacherry et al 2022b;Papaioannou et al 2019;Styrishave et al 2011;Zheng and Guo 2021). By considering the differences in the BAF calculations between the single and simultaneous application (which accounts the possible degradation of parent pharmaceuticals in the soil environment), such changes are well anticipated.…”

“…Additionally, the stability of an individual pharmaceutical on a given soil type, which in-turn is associated with several factors, such as the soil-molecule interactions, efficiency of degradation pathways, and various other environmental factors (Diez 2010), is also expected to influence their uptake. By considering the established relationship between the speciation of pharmaceuticals (i.e., neutral, anionic, or cationic) on its dissipation within the soil compartments, it is expected that the molecule with higher stability and lower dissipation characteristics will be more susceptible to plant uptake and translocation through the transpiration stream (Diez 2010;Koba et al 2016;Kodešová et al 2015Kodešová et al , 2016Kodešová et al , 2020Menacherry et al 2022b). S16 and S17 Systematic studies on the transfer of pharmaceuticals existing in soils, either adsorbed on the soil solids or dissolved in the soil pore water, to plant are recently available (Christou et al 2019;Keerthanan et al 2021;Miller et al 2016;Zheng and Guo 2021).…”

“…During these studies, the six parent pharmaceuticals (CAR, CIT, CIL, FEX, IRB, SUL), either alone or as a mixture of all together, were applied on three selected plants (onion (Allium cepa L.), spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) grown in small pots (volume: 340 cm 3 ) filled with one of the six selected soils taken from the surface horizons of the following soil types: Stagnic Chernozem Siltic (SChS), Haplic Chernozem (HCh), Greyic Phaeozem (GP), Haplic Luvisol (HL), Haplic Cambisol (HCa), Dystric Cambisol (DCa). All these soil types, either all or few of them, were recently utilized for the studies of Schmidtová et al (2020), Kodešová et al (2019aKodešová et al ( , b, 2020, Frková et al (2020), and other researchers (Brunetti et al 2021;Golovko et al 2016;Klement et al 2020;Menacherry et al 2022b). The physical properties of the fresh soil samples taken for this study (e.g., soil organic content, sand and clay proportions) as well as the sorption and dissipation behaviors of the selected parent pharmaceuticals on each of them were previously analyzed by Frková et al (2020), Kodešová et al (2020), andSchmidtová et al (2020).…”

“…Moreover, the above-described analytical method for soil analyses is already validated for a wide range of compounds (including CAR, CIT, CLI, FEX, IRB, SUL, and their metabolites) and soils (including the soils used in this study) (Brunetti et al 2021(Brunetti et al , 2022Golovko et al 2016;Kodešová et al 2020;Menacherry et al 2022b). The method used for the analysis of plant tissues is also validated for three leafy vegetables (arugula, spinach, and lamb's lettuce), radish (Kodešová et al 2019a, b), green pea (Klement et al 2020), spinach (Kodešová et al 2019a), and others (Brunetti et al 2021(Brunetti et al , 2022.…”