“…Despite evidence that infrastructure investments may divert economic activity (Gibbons et al, 2019;Haughwout, 1999;Wachs, 2011), the economic performance effects of these investments are overwhelmingly positive. Studies have shown that the UK (Young et al, 2020), Netherlands (Sturm et al, 1999), Central and Eastern European countries (Chi, 2015;Vlahinić Lenz et al, 2018), Belgium (Meersman and Nazemzadeh, 2017), India (Mohanty et al, 2022;Rudra Pradhan and Bagchi, 2013), China (Chen, 2019;Ren and Ding, 2019), Japan (Yoshino and Abidhadjaev, 2017), and Asia (Sawada, 2019) all exhibit positive economic performance effects. Three key takeaways from this literature are that overall economic performance effects tell us nothing about their constituent parts; we need to look under the aggregate hood and examine industryspecific effects as we do in this study, much like the construction of transportation infrastructure creates jobs, so does its maintenance; and finally, the full economic impact may not be known until years after a project is completed, making a dynamic long-run analysis of these effects paramount for a comprehensive appraisal.…”