The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection, eradication therapy, and probiotics intervention on gastric microbiota in young adults

Abstract

Background:The impact of probiotics on non-Helicobacter pylori gastric microbiota and its role in microbial restoration after eradication were relatively unknown. We aimed to explore the effect of H. pylori eradication and probiotic intervention on gastric microbiota in young adults.Methods: Fifty-six H. pylori-negative and 95 H. pylori-positive subjects aged 19-30 were included in this study. H. pylori-infected individuals were randomly assigned to quadruple therapy, probiotics supplemented quadruple therapy, or probiotics monotherapy group. Gastric mucosa and gastric juice samples were collected before and 2 months after treatment for 16SrRNA gene sequencing. Results:The gastric microbial community structure and composition differed from H. pylori-negative subjects 2 months after successful H. pylori eradication. The α diversity of gastric mucosal microbiota significantly increased and was higher than H. pylorinegative subjects, while the α diversity of gastric juice microbiota decreased and was lower than the H. pylori-negative. After probiotics supplemented eradication treatment, Bifidobacterium was enriched in gastric mucosa, Lactobacillus was enriched in gastric juice, potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Campylobacter decreased, and the microbial diversity was closer to that of H. pylori-negative subjects compared to quadruple therapy group. Probiotics monotherapy significantly altered the diversity, community structure, and composition of gastric microbiota but showed no advantage in H. pylori inhibition and upregulating beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and related metabolism pathways. Certain potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium increased after probiotic monotherapy. Conclusion:H. pylori eradication significantly disrupted gastric microbiota in young adults and could not be restored in a short time. Probiotics supplementation partially helped restore the gastric dysbiosis caused by eradication therapy, but it might be unnecessary for H. pylori-infected young adults to take probiotics alone.

The Potential Role of Hypochlorhydria in the Development of Duodenal Dysbiosis: A Preliminary Report

“…On this regard, the hypochloridria present in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) might therefore represent an important cause of dysbiosis ( Engstrand and Lindberg, 2013 ). Gastric acid environment can also be affected by Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) colonization that, in turn, may also influence the gastric microbial community structure and composition, leading to gastric dysbiosis ( Yuan et al., 2021 ) that may also play a role in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma ( Wen et al., 2021 ).…”

Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Human Gastric Microbiota: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In total, 2423 records were identified from the three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) and one record was identified by review of references cited in included papers; 834 of them were repeatedly included from more than one search database and were excluded. Finally, nine articles ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Serrano et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) with 546 participants were included in the present study. The study selection process is shown in the PRISMA flow diagram ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…The detailed characteristics of the included nine studies are shown in Table 1 . Six ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) of them were conducted in China. For the participants, eight (8/9) studies focused on adults ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ).…”

“…Six ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) of them were conducted in China. For the participants, eight (8/9) studies focused on adults ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ). Regarding the therapy of H. pylori eradication, there were four ( He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) studies that evaluated quadruple therapy and five studies ( Li et al., 2017 ; Serrano et al., 2019 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ) that focused on triple therapy.…”

“…For the participants, eight (8/9) studies focused on adults ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ). Regarding the therapy of H. pylori eradication, there were four ( He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) studies that evaluated quadruple therapy and five studies ( Li et al., 2017 ; Serrano et al., 2019 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ) that focused on triple therapy. For the follow-up duration, these studies reported short-term (< 6 months) ( Li et al., 2017 ; He et al., 2019 ; Serrano et al., 2019 ; Mao et al., 2021 ; Yuan et al., 2021 ) and long-term (≥ 6 months) ( He et al., 2019 ; Guo et al., 2020 ; Shin et al., 2020 ; Sung et al., 2020 ; Watanabe et al., 2021 ) influence of H. pylori eradication.…”