The Impact of Host Factors on Management of Hepatitis C Virus

Khattab, Mahmoud A.; Eslam, Mohammed

doi:10.5812/hepatmon.709

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Protective effects of estrogen are thought to enable premenopausal women to clear the hepatitis C virus and thus progress slower to the disease than age-matched men. After menopause, these sex differences were lost and treatment efficacy was severely decreased (Khattab & Eslam, 2012; Baden et al ., 2014). Notably, however, immune-pathological effects may also decrease after menopause, for example, in severe forms of dengue and influenza (Klein et al ., 2012; Guerra-Silveira & Abad-Franch, 2013).…”

Section: Sexual Dimorphic Susceptibility To Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

et al. 2015

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Do men die young and sick, or do women live long and healthy? By trying to explain the sexual dimorphism in life expectancy, both biological and environmental aspects are presently being addressed. Besides age-related changes, both the immune and the endocrine system exhibit significant sex-specific differences. This review deals with the aging immune system and its interplay with sex steroid hormones. Together, they impact on the etiopathology of many infectious diseases, which are still the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people at old age. Among men, susceptibilities toward many infectious diseases and the corresponding mortality rates are higher. Responses to various types of vaccination are often higher among women thereby also mounting stronger humoral responses. Women appear immune-privileged. The major sex steroid hormones exhibit opposing effects on cells of both the adaptive and the innate immune system: estradiol being mainly enhancing, testosterone by and large suppressive. However, levels of sex hormones change with age. At menopause transition, dropping estradiol potentially enhances immunosenescence effects posing postmenopausal women at additional, yet specific risks. Conclusively during aging, interventions, which distinctively consider the changing level of individual hormones, shall provide potent options in maintaining optimal immune functions.

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Section: Sexual Dimorphic Susceptibility To Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

et al. 2015

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“…Previous studies on enzymatic activities of various isoforms of the OAS1 gene product in clearance of hepatitis C virus 39 , 40 and West Nile virus 41 showed that the p46 isoform is significantly more active than the TV3 (p48) isoform. Additionally, it is known that OAS1 plays a critical role in restricting HBV infection and replication 42 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

A functional variant in the OAS1 gene is associated with Sjögren’s syndrome complicated with HBV infection

Liu

Xing

Gao

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been suspected to contribute to several autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), although the exact mechanism is unknown. The 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS1) is one of the most important components of the immune system and has significant antiviral functions. We studied a polymorphism rs10774671 of OAS1 gene in Han Chinese descent. The minor allele G was significantly associated with a decreased risk for SS, anti-SSA-positive SS, and anti-SSA-positive SS complicated with HBV infection, which have not been seen in anti-SSA-negative SS and HBcAb-negative SS patients. Gene expression analysis showed that the risk-conferring A allele was correlated with lower expression of p46 and increased expression of p42, p48, and p44. A functional study of enzymatic activities revealed that the p42, p44, and p48 isoforms display a reduced capacity to inhibit HBV replication in HepG2 cells compared to the normal p46 isoform. Our data demonstrated that the functional variant, rs10774671, is associated with HBV infection and anti-SSA antibody-positive SS. The SAS variant switches the primary p46 isoform to three alternatives with decreased capacities to inhibit HBV replication. These data indicated that individuals harboring the risk allele might be susceptible to hepatitis B infection and SS development.

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“…The aging process affects sexual dimorphism regarding immunocompetence and disease susceptibility [ 41 , 67 , 68 ]. Notably, however, immune-pathological effects may also decrease after menopause; for example, in severe forms of dengue and influenza [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 Infection Menopause and Hormonal Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Pertyńska−Marczewska¹,

Pertyński²

2022

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The current global COVID-19 mortality rate is estimated to be around 3.4%; however, it is dependent on age, sex, and comorbidities.Epidemiological evidence shows gender disparities in COVID-19 severity and fatality, with non-menopausal females having milder severity and better outcomes than age-matched males. However, the difference vanishes when comparing postmenopausal women with age-matched men.It has been suggested that, to some extent, this is due to the protective role of female hormones, such as anti-Müllerian hormone and oestradiol (E2), in non-menopausal women.Oestrogens have been hypothesized to be crucial in modulating viral infection and the progression of the disease via an action on immune/inflammatory responses and angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 expression. Hence, the most likely explanation is that, because the levels of oestrogen in females after menopause decrease, oestrogen no longer offers a beneficial effect as seen in younger females.The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the serious negative effects arising from the state of E2 deficiency. Therefore, hormone replacement therapy gains further support as the damaging effect of the decline in ovarian function affects many biological systems, and recently with the COVID-19 pandemic, oestrogen's vital role within the immune system has become quite clear.However, additional clinical investigations regarding hormone replacement therapy are urgently needed to further verify the protective and therapeutic effects of E2 on menopausal women with COVID-19.

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The Impact of Host Factors on Management of Hepatitis C Virus

Cited by 4 publications

References 73 publications

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

A functional variant in the OAS1 gene is associated with Sjögren’s syndrome complicated with HBV infection

Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic

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