The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Strategy on the Risk of Increasing Frailty Severity among 49,519 Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Abstract

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher risk of incident and aggravating frailty over time. Frailty-initiating risk factors have been identified, but modulators of frail severity over time remain poorly defined. We aimed to explore the influences of glucose-lowering drug (GLD) strategy on DM patients' risk of increasing frail severity. We retrospectively identified type 2 DM patients between 2008 and 2016, dividing them into "no GLD", oral GLD (oGLD) monotherapy, oGLD combination, and those receiving insulin without or with oGLD at baseline. Increasing frail severity, defined as ≥1 FRAIL component increase, was the outcome of interest. Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to analyze the risk of increasing frail severity associated with GLD strategy, accounting for demographic, physical data, comorbidities, medication, and laboratory panel. After screening 82,208 patients with DM, 49,519 (no GLD, 42.7%; monotherapy, 24.0%; combination, 28.5%; and insulin user, 4.8%) were enrolled for analysis. After 4 years, 12,295 (24.8%) had increasing frail severity. After multivariate adjustment, oGLD combination group exhibited a significantly lower risk of increasing frail severity (hazard ratio (HR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 -0.94), while the risk of insulin users increased (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 -1.21) than no GLD group. Users receiving more oGLD exhibited a trend of less risk reduction relative to others. In conclusion, we discovered that the strategy of oral glucose lowering drugs combination might reduce the risk of frail severity increase. Accordingly, medication reconciliation in frail diabetic older adults should take into account their GLD regimens.

Histidine Triad Nucleotide-Binding Protein 1 Improves Critical Limb Ischemia by Regulating Mitochondrial Homeostasis

“…It is characterized by restricted blood flow to the limbs, leading to serious consequences, including the risk of cardiovascular events like stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as the potential need for amputation [2]. Atherosclerotic vascular occlusions, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are identified as well-known risk factors for CLI [3][4][5]. Although the pathological process has been well studied, there are few effective treatment options to improve blood flow in ischemic tissues [6].…”