The Impact of Gestational Age and Fetal Growth on the Maternal-Fetal Glucose Concentration Difference

Marconi, Anna Maria; Paolini, Cinzia L.; Buscaglia, M; Zerbe, Gary O.; Battaglia, Frederick C.; Pardi, Giorgio

doi:10.1016/0029-7844(96)00048-8

Cited by 164 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Fetal hypoglycemia is common during both human and sheep FGR [38,80,[99][100][101]. With human FGR, placental expression of the predominant glucose transporter isoform, Glut-1, is unchanged in the syncytiotrophoblast [102], and that glucose uptake by isolated syncytiotrophoblasts is not different between FGR and controls.…”

Section: Placental Glucose Transfer and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy

2008

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Successful outcome of human pregnancy not only impacts the quality of infant life and well-being, but considerable evidence now suggests that what happens during fetal development may well impact health and well-being into adulthood. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the developmental events that occur between conception and delivery is needed. For obvious ethical reasons, many of the questions remaining about the progression of human pregnancy can not be answered directly, necessitating the use of appropriate animal models. A variety of animal models exist for the study of both normal and compromised pregnancies, including laboratory rodents, non-human primates and domestic ruminants. While all of these animal models have merit, most suffer from the inability to repetitively sample from both the maternal and fetal side of the placenta, limiting their usefulness in the study of placental or fetal physiology under non-stressed in vivo conditions. No animal model truly recapitulates human pregnancy, yet the pregnant sheep has been used extensively to investigate maternal-fetal interactions. This is due in part to the ability to surgically place and maintain catheters in both the maternal and fetal vasculature, allowing repeated sampling from non-anesthetized pregnancies. Considerable insight has been gained on placental oxygen and nutrient transfer and utilization from use of pregnant sheep. These findings were often confirmed in human pregnancies once appropriate technologies became available. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of human and sheep pregnancy, with emphasis placed on placental development and function as an organ of nutrient transfer.

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Section: Placental Glucose Transfer and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy

2008

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“…1). The critical role of the placental blood supply in humans is confirmed by the observation that intrauterine growth restriction in third-trimester pregnancies is characterized by impaired uterine (maternal placental) and umbilical (fetal placental) blood flows, leading to reduced fetal nutrient uptakes as well as fetal hypoxia, hypoglycemia and asymmetric organ growth (Pardi et al, 1993;Marconi et al, 1996;Ferrazi et al, 2000;Konje et al, 2003). In addition, increased uterine vascular resistance and reduced uterine blood flow during early pregnancy can be used as predictors of high-risk pregnancies and are associated with fetal growth retardation (Trudinger et al, 1985;North et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uteroplacental vascular development and placental function: an update

Reynolds¹,

Borowicz²,

Caton³

et al. 2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

154

113

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The importance of the placenta and its vascular development to fetal growth and development has been appreciated since ancient times. Based on numerous studies in humans and animal model organisms in the last 2-3 decades, normal placental angiogenesis is critically important to ensure adequate blood flow to the placenta and therefore to provide the substrates that support normal fetal growth. Placental angiogenesis is abnormal at term in compromised pregnancies (those in which fetal growth is altered), including those resulting from maternal nutritional or environmental stress, maternal age, increased numbers of fetuses, maternal or fetal genotype, or the use of assisted reproductive technologies (e.g., cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer). We and others have recently shown that these defects in placental vascular development occur quite early in pregnancy and may therefore presage compromised fetal growth and development. The challenges will be to find biomarkers of abnormal placental angiogenesis and to develop therapeutic strategies to "rescue" placental vascular development and thus fetal growth in compromised pregnancies. Animal models will be essential in meeting these challenges.

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“…We have previously demonstrated that placental supply of amino acids is reduced in IUGR fetuses independently from the severity of growth restriction and from the presence of hypoxia (9). Moreover, maternalfetal gradient of glucose are increased in severe IUGR fetuses, i.e., those with alterations of umbilical blood flow (10).…”

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confidence: 97%

Maternal and Fetal Fatty Acid Profile in Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies With and Without Preeclampsia

et al. 2008

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ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal and fetal lipid profile in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) pregnancies with and without preeclampsia (PE). Thirteen normal pregnancies studied during the third trimester (control M) and 29 at elective cesarean section (control CS) were compared with 18 pregnancies complicated by IUGR (IUGR only) and with seven pregnancies complicated by both IUGR and PE (IUGR-PE). Total plasma fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined in maternal and fetal plasma. Nutritional intake was analyzed. IUGR only mothers had lower percentage of linoleic acid (LA) and higher arachidonic acid (AA) than controls, partly explained by higher AA dietary intake. Higher levels of NEFA were observed both in IUGR only and in IUGR-PE mothers whereas triglyceride levels were increased in IUGR-PE mothers only. In IUGR-PE fetuses, LA and AA were significantly decreased, whereas triglyceride and NEFA concentrations were significantly increased compared with normal fetuses. In conclusion, IUGR only is associated with altered fatty acids profile not completely accounted by dietary changes. We hypothesize that the differences observed in IUGR with PE for triglycerides and other lipids could be related to a difference in maternal phenotype. (Pediatr Res 64: 615-620, 2008)

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The Impact of Gestational Age and Fetal Growth on the Maternal-Fetal Glucose Concentration Difference

Cited by 164 publications

References 21 publications

The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy

The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy

Uteroplacental vascular development and placental function: an update

Maternal and Fetal Fatty Acid Profile in Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies With and Without Preeclampsia

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