“…Introduction of the fFN test to the UK and the rest of Europe has been slow in comparison to other countries such as Australia (Giles et al, 2000), New Zealand (Groom et al, 2006), the United States (Plaut et al, 2003, Swamy et al, 2005, Incerti et al, 2007 and Canada (Giles et al, 2000, MacDonald et al, 2007. In these countries where the impact of in utero transfer is high due to their large distances, implementation of the fFN test has been shown to reduce in utero transfers and medical costs.…”