The impact of different pollution sources on modern dinoflagellate cysts in Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea, China

Abstract

Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours.For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Click on the 'Q' link to go to the location in the proof. Location in articleQuery / Remark: click on the Q link to go Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1Please confirm that given names and surnames have been identified correctly. Q2Highlights should consist of 3-5 bullet points (with a maximum of 85 characters per bullet point, including spaces). However, the highlights provided for this item are in paragraph form; thus, they were not captured. Kindly provide the necessary corrections. For more information, please see Guide for Authors. Q3Footnote "**" was not cited in Table 2. Please check the citation suggested by the copyeditor and make the necessary corrections.Thank you for your assistance.Our reference: MARMIC 1393 P-authorquery-v10Page 1 of 1The impact of different pollution sources on modern dinoflagellate cysts in the Sishili 25The spatial distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediment of Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea, China, was 26 studied, with the purpose of understanding the impact from nutrient enrichment and industrial pollution.27 Thirty-five dinoflagellate cyst taxa belonging to 15 genera and 3 unknown cysts were identified and quanti-28 fied at 22 sampling sites. Autotrophic cysts (e.g., Spiniferites bentori var. truncata) and heterotrophic cysts 29 (Brigantedinium sp.1 and Quinquecuspis concreta) dominated the sediment samples. The spatial distribution 30 of cyst abundance showed a significant positive correlation with increased nutrients, but was negative to 31 heavy metal pollution. The highest cyst abundance (with an average of 539 cysts g − 1 DW) occurred in 32 Zone A, corresponding to nutrient enrichment caused by domestic sewage discharge. In contrast, the lowest 33 cyst abundance (with an average of 131 cysts g − 1 DW) occurred in Zone E, impacted heavily by the industrial 34 pollution. The abundance of autotrophic cysts decreased dramatically in Zone E compared with heterotrophic 35 cysts and showed a sensitivity to industrial pollution. How heavy metals affect physiological mechanisms in 36 autotrophic and heterotrophic cysts differentially is in need of in-depth study.37

Effects of intensive scallop mariculture on macrobenthic assemblages in Sishili Bay, the northern Yellow Sea of China

“…The average water depth in Sishili Bay is 8-9 m (max. 20 m), with a tidal range of 1.66 m. Four small ephemeral rivers (Guangdang River, Majia River, Xin'an River, and Xiaoyuniao River) flow into the bay (Liu et al, 2012b); the longest one is the Xin'an River, with a length of 48.5 km and a maximum floodwater flux of 1,160 m 3 s -1 (Zhou et al, 2006). The seawater temperature ranges from 23.3 to 27.4°C in summer (in June-August) to -0.55°C in winter (in January 2011).…”

Do the levels of industrial pollutants influence the distribution and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in the recently-deposited sediment of a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem?

“…In addition, significant positive correlations between the abundance and distribution of some dinoflagellate species, such as Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Dubridinium caperatum and Polykrikos kofoidii, and the sediment concentration of some metals as Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were reported from Izmir bay. Liu et al (2012) suggested that a high degree of sediment contamination by industrial pollutants might cause a decrease in cyst abundance or heterotrophic/ autotrophic rate.…”

“…This apparent paradox could be partially explained by: a) the high cyst production rate and the low natural germination rate of the dominant assemblage species (A. pseudogonyaulax), b) the physiological stress induced on the vegetative cells by the remobilized pollutants in the water column could enhance cyst production and c) the inhibition of the excystement process by the contaminants within the sediment could lead to a considerable cyst accumulation in the sediment. Liu et al (2012) showed that toxic compounds in the sediment could induce a decrease of the proliferation of vegetative cells; hence, some cells might die whilst others perform sexual reproduction, resulting in large volumes of resistant cysts enhancing cyst banks. Several laboratory studies have been conducted to date to test the degree of stress posed by metal contamination on vegetative cells.…”

“…Until now, most of the ecotoxicological studies conducted on dinoflagellates investigated the effects of contaminants only on vegetative cells. Few studies examined their potential effect on cyst production and abundance (e.g., Pospelova et al, 2005;Godhe and McQuoid, 2003;Aydin et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2012). These authors studied the relationships between resting cyst abundance and the degree of heavy metal contamination, suggesting that trace metals could potentially affect the physiology of dinoflagellates by enhancing resting cyst production rates.…”

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“…Most of researches have focused on the effect of nutrient enrichment and eutrophication on the dinoflagellate cysts (Marret and Zonneveld, 2003;Pospelova and Kim, 2010;Kim et al, 2012;Zonneveld et al, 2013). The effects of industrial pollution on dinoflagellate cysts assemblages have been studied only in a few areas (Dale, 2001;Pospelova et al, 2005;Liu et al, 2012).…”