The impact of diatoms on the biofouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes in a model cross-flow system

A review of reverse osmosis membrane fouling and control strategies

“…The EPS could make the biofilm structure stronger, making it more difficult to clean the biofilm (Ben-Dov et al, 2016;Leterme et al, 2016). Also, EPS could function as a barrier to protect bacteria from bactericide (Belila et al, 2016).…”

“…Depending on different water environment and bacteria community, EPS could have different substances, but are mainly made up of polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins or lipids and nucleic acids (Drews, 2010;Matin et al, 2011;She et al, 2016). The surface morphology of biofouling layers could be different under different environments and it is a good way to observe and analyze the biofouling vividly on a micro level (Karkhanechi et al, 2014;Leterme et al, 2016;Weinrich et al, 2016).…”

Removal of microalgae from seawater using chitosan-alum/ferric chloride dual coagulations

“…For dual coagulation using alum, two sets of experiments were conducted as shown in 15 Figure 2. Firstly, an alum and chitosan mixture was used as a primary coagulant, which was added 16 during the rapid mixing and the coagulation stage. The second set of experiments were conducted 17 using alum as the primary coagulant and chitosan as the secondary coagulant which acted as a 18 flocculant aid.…”

“…and FeCl3 as coagulants, mainly to generate the process data in order to evaluate the dual 9 coagulation process performance of the C-F-S system. The jar test experiments were conducted with alum, chitosan and ferric chloride coagulants to 16 determine the optimal coagulant dose, based on settled water turbidity ( Figure 3A). The clarified 17…”

“…Dissolved air flotation (DAF) 15 is a relatively quick process which is suitable for the removal of low-density algal particles. However, 16 DAF is an energy intensive process (0.05-0.075 kWh/m 3 of treated water)[31], as the generation of 17 air microbubbles requires compressed air requiring as high as 7 bars. Another option to remove 18 microalgae is by the coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C-F-S) process.…”