The Impact of Crude Oil Induced Wettability Alteration on Remaining Saturations of CO2 in Carbonates Reservoirs: A Core Flood Method

Abstract

Oil is an essential commodity in modern economies but the magnitude of carbon emissions associated with its consumption is significantly increasing the challenges of climate change mitigations. Carbon storage is well recognized as an important technology for CO 2 emissions reduction on industrial scales. Observations and modeling have shown that residual trapping of CO 2 through capillary forces within the pore space of saline aquifers, characterized as water-wet, is one of the most significant mechanisms for storage security and is also a factor determining the ultimate extent of CO 2 migration within the reservoir. In contrast, most of the major CO 2 storage projects in operation and under construction are in depleting oil reservoirs utilizing CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Carbon utilization and storage has a significant energy and economic benefits and is considered as an important component in achieving the widespread commercial deployment of carbon storage technology. However, there are no observations characterizing the extent of capillary trapping of CO 2 in mixed-wet carbonate systems, a characteristic of most conventional oil reservoirs in the world. In this work, residual trapping of supercritical CO 2 is measured in water-wet and mixed-wet carbonate systems on the same rock sample before and after wetting alteration with crude oil. In particular, CO 2 trapping was characterized before and after wetting alteration so that the impact of the wetting state of the rock is observed directly. A reservoir condition core-flooding laboratory was used to make the measurements. The setup included high precision pumps, temperature control, stir reactor, the ability to recirculate fluids for weeks at a time and an X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. The wetted parts of the flow-loop were made of anti-corrosive material that can handle co-circulation of CO 2 and brine at reservoir conditions. The measurements were made while maintaining chemical equilibrium between the fluids (CO 2 and brine) and rock phases to prevent reaction with the core sample and replicate conditions far away from the injection site. A novel core-flooding approach was used, making use of the capillary end effect to create a large range in initial CO 2 saturation in a single core-flood. IntroductionFossil fuels are projected to dominate energy use for decades and currently supply around 80% of the world's energy and 65% of global electricity generation [IEA, 2015]. The projected carbon emissions to

Unsteady-State CO2 Foam Generation and Propagation: Laboratory and Field Insights

“…The temperature and pressure were set to reservoir conditions of 40 • C and 198 bar. The core was wrapped in a layer of nickel foil and placed inside of a Teflon rubber sleeve to prevent CO 2 diffusion into the sleeve [23]. The core was then inserted into a vertically-oriented hassler core holder.…”