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The Significance of Considering Battery Service-Lifetime for Correctly Sizing Hybrid PV–Diesel Energy Systems

“…HOMER Pro version 3.14.2, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), serves engineers by facilitating the optimization and selection of viable solutions from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives [34]. Widely referenced in research papers [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], HOMER Pro version 3.14.2 is employed in this study to simulate a recommended hybrid system for a specific site. Additionally, Matlab is utilized for further simulations required in this research.…”

“…Numerous studies have centered on optimizing the components of PV hybrid systems, specifically sizing and evaluating the economic viability of hybrid PV diesel systems. However, in many of these studies [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], authors consistently assumed a battery lifetime ranging from 5 to 20 years. For instance, the authors in [8] proposed an improved search space reduction algorithm to optimize the sizing of a photovoltaic/wind/battery hybrid system, which includes electric vehicles.…”

“…These research papers encompass various methodologies, such as simulation modeling, optimization algorithms, and system sizing, enabling the evaluation of system performance, economic viability, and feasibility considerations. Table 1 summarizes the objectives of the studies and the consideration of battery lifetime as found in references [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…The NPC of the project at time t = 0 involves summing the present values of all projectrelated costs, as defined by ( 16) [31]. The discounting factor (DF) serves to convert future costs into present costs and can be determined using (17). the salvage value (SV) represents the expected income from selling an asset at the end of its useful life or project duration, calculated by (18) [32].…”