The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Incidence of Type 1 DM and the Glycemic Control of Diabetic Children: Findings from a Teaching Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Bukhamseen, Fatimah Mousa; Al-Qassab, Aqilah Taleb; Yousef, Abdullah A; Awary, Bassam H.; Albuali, Waleed H.; Alkhalifa, Zainab Mohammed; Yousef, Haneen A.

doi:10.1900/rds.2022.18.152

Cited by 2 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…After the abstract review, we retrieved 81 full-text articles to determine eligibility. Forty-two records met the full inclusion criteria . The manual search of the included studies’ reference lists did not yield additional studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the 42 included studies, there were 102 984 incident diabetes cases across both the prepandemic and the pandemic periods (Table 1). Twenty-four studies (57.1%) reported DKA incidence at diagnosis . Incident cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes were reported in 36 studies (85.7%) and 9 studies (21.4%), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twenty-four studies (57.1%) reported DKA incidence at diagnosis. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27-31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 48, 49 Incident cases of type 1 and type 2 diabetes were reported in 36 studies (85.7%) 12,23,24,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][58][59][60][61]63 and 9 studies (21.4%), 3,33,34,39,43,45,46,55,62 respectively. Two studies (4.8%) did not distinguish between diabetes types.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,57 Thirty-two studies (76.2%) included children only, 3, 12, 13, 23, 24, 27-32, 35-42, 44, 48-53, 56-58, 60, 61, 63 while the rest (10 [23.8%]) included both children and adults. 33,34,43,[45][46][47]54,55,59,62 Twenty-one studies (50.0%) were from Europe, 12, 23, 30-32, 35, 41, 42, 44, 47-53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63 12 (28.6%) from North America, 3,13,33,34,38,39,43,45,46,54,57,62 7 (16.7%) from Asia, [27][28][29]36,37,40,60 and 1 (2.4%) from Australia 55 ; 1 study (2.4%) 24 included data from multiple countries across different continents. Nine studies (21.4%) reported either the race or ethnicity of the study population, 3,34,39,43,[45][46][47]54,62 Approximately 95% of all diabetes cases were T1D in this population.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

D’Souza,

Empringham,

Pechlivanoglou

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceThere are reports of increasing incidence of pediatric diabetes since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the limitations of individual studies that examine this association, it is important to synthesize estimates of changes in incidence rates.ObjectiveTo compare the incidence rates of pediatric diabetes during and before the COVID-19 pandemic.Data SourcesIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, the Cochrane database, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the gray literature were searched between January 1, 2020, and March 28, 2023, using subject headings and text word terms related to COVID-19, diabetes, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).Study SelectionStudies were independently assessed by 2 reviewers and included if they reported differences in incident diabetes cases during vs before the pandemic in youths younger than 19 years, had a minimum observation period of 12 months during and 12 months before the pandemic, and were published in English.Data Extraction and SynthesisFrom records that underwent full-text review, 2 reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guideline was followed. Eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis and analyzed with a common and random-effects analysis. Studies not included in the meta-analysis were summarized descriptively.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was change in the incidence rate of pediatric diabetes during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary outcome was change in the incidence rate of DKA among youths with new-onset diabetes during the pandemic.ResultsForty-two studies including 102 984 incident diabetes cases were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis of type 1 diabetes incidence rates included 17 studies of 38 149 youths and showed a higher incidence rate during the first year of the pandemic compared with the prepandemic period (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08-1.21). There was an increased incidence of diabetes during months 13 to 24 of the pandemic compared with the prepandemic period (IRR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.18-1.37). Ten studies (23.8%) reported incident type 2 diabetes cases in both periods. These studies did not report incidence rates, so results were not pooled. Fifteen studies (35.7%) reported DKA incidence and found a higher rate during the pandemic compared with before the pandemic (IRR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.36).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that incidence rates of type 1 diabetes and DKA at diabetes onset in children and adolescents were higher after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic. Increased resources and support may be needed for the growing number of children and adolescents with diabetes. Future studies are needed to assess whether this trend persists and may help elucidate possible underlying mechanisms to explain temporal changes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Incidence of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

D’Souza,

Empringham,

Pechlivanoglou

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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“…Several studies in the literature demonstrated an increase in the annual incidence of T1DM and DKA during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to the pre-pandemic era [ 8 - 11 ]. From a longitudinal observational retrospective study conducted at a teaching hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, the reported increase was from 4.17 in 2019 to 8.39 and 6.00 per 1000 in 2020 and 2021, respectively [ 12 ]. With the implications and restrictions that were implemented globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the prosperity of having access to healthcare services was limited for many individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity and Resolution of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetic Children before and During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Al-Qassab

Bukhamseen

Ghanim

et al. 2022

Review of Diabetic Studies

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OBJECTIVES: To epidemiologically assess the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis at the teaching hospital of the university, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: We enrolled newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus cases among pediatric patients attending the emergency department and outpatient clinics during 2019-2021. The participants' data were collected from electronic medical records which included patients' age at diagnosis, sex, nationality, height, weight, year of diagnosis, length of stay, presentation, random blood sugar, blood gas readings, electrolyte panel, and time of resolution of the diabetic ketoacidosis if present. RESULTS: 108 patients were included with an average age of 8.87 ± 4.21 years and 53.70% were females. The demographic characteristics of all diabetic pediatric patients prior to COVID-19 and during COVID-19 were studied and the difference was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, initial pH and HCO3 tests were found to be lower in the moderate to severe diabetic ketoacidosis group (7.17 and 11.2, respectively) compared to the mild group (7.27 and 15.50, respectively) and the differences were statically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 pandemic tended to have a more severe presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis in terms of PH and HCO3.

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The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Incidence of Type 1 DM and the Glycemic Control of Diabetic Children: Findings from a Teaching Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Incidence of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Incidence of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Severity and Resolution of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetic Children before and During The COVID-19 Pandemic

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