The impact of COVID-19 followed by extreme flooding on vector borne diseases in Pakistan: A mini narrative review

Rahmat, Zainab Syyeda; Sadiq, Mahnoor; Vohra, Laiba Imran; Ullah, Hamid; Essar, Mohammad Yasir

doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101075

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A great number of the countries and communities (e.g., children, communities of color, Indigenous communities, people living with disabilities, and poor individuals) who faced extraordinary challenges and disadvantages at a structural and local level in combating the COVID‐19 pandemic (e.g., delayed vaccine access, inadequate or overwhelmed healthcare systems) are the same countries and communities that shoulder a disproportionate burden of the climate change impact. For instance, since the COVID‐19 pandemic, over 70 countries have experienced flooding events (Simonovic et al., 2021), including Pakistan, where management and diagnosis of COVID‐19 are complicated by the steady rise of vector‐borne diseases (Rahmat et al., 2023). As another example, poor air quality in the Amazon growing from climate change was found to multiply the stress on the respiratory systems from COVID‐19 leading to higher mortality rates in Indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon (Fellows et al., 2020).…”

Section: Climate Injustices At the Local National And Global Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human rights‐based approach to climate injustices at the local, national, and international levels: Program and policy recommendations

Levy,

Gopang,

Ramírez

et al. 2023

Social Issues Policy Review

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The climate crisis threatens and violates human rights to development, education, food, health, housing, life, meaningful and informed participation, self‐determination, and water. Climate injustices refer to how some communities are shouldering the disproportionate brunt of the negative effects of climate change while being the least responsible. With a human rights‐based approach focused on protection and participation rights, this paper reviews climate injustices based on age, disability, ethnicity, gender identity, geography, income, Indigenous identity, migratory status, race, refugee and internally displaced status, and their intersections. Policy recommendations include increasing climate education, utilizing disaggregated data, and expanding mental health services. Cross‐cutting themes throughout the paper are that climate change is interconnected with other crises, thereby compounding inequalities, and that a diversity of interdisciplinary and international perspectives and knowledge centered on the voices of frontline communities are essential for addressing the climate crisis.

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Section: Climate Injustices At the Local National And Global Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human rights‐based approach to climate injustices at the local, national, and international levels: Program and policy recommendations

Levy,

Gopang,

Ramírez

et al. 2023

Social Issues Policy Review

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“…e deadly and catastrophic ood in Pakistan in July 2022 that was repeated in June 2023 reportedly a ected about 33 million people and 1400 healthcare setups, thereby challenging Pakistan's already precarious healthcare infrastructure [1]. Approximately 6.53 million people allegedly died due to SARS-CoV-2, which infected 612 million people worldwide.…”

Section: Potential For a 'Second Disaster In Pakistan: A Wave Of Fata...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 6.53 million people allegedly died due to SARS-CoV-2, which infected 612 million people worldwide. Pakistan had one of the highest infection rates in the third world, accounting for 30,606 deaths [1]. Infectious diseases like dengue and COVID-19 prevailed simultaneously.…”

Section: Potential For a 'Second Disaster In Pakistan: A Wave Of Fata...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Health agencies reported in September 2022 that the heavy oods that Pakistan witnessed were the reason behind the increasing dengue cases. About 14,173 dengue cases were reported during the period, with Sindh province reporting the largest numbers (5,203), followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (4,538), Punjab (3,101) and Islamabad (1,331) [1]. e persistently inadequate health systems in Pakistan in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, a projected dengue epidemic, and the risk of other arthropods (like ticks, mosquitoes, and sand-ies) vector-borne diseases may promote pandemic (at least) or epidemic situations, logistics constraints and deepening economic crises.…”

Section: Potential For a 'Second Disaster In Pakistan: A Wave Of Fata...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential for a 'second disaster in Pakistan: a wave of fatal diseases' - the outcome of the unprecedented floods and the role of climate change

Srivastava,

Kutikuppala,

Mohapatra

et al. 2023

JEC

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Pakistan experienced a severe flood disaster recently in July-August 2022 due to incessant monsoon rains. It faced a similar scenario in June again this year (2023). The disaster, unfortunately, happened simultaneously when Pakistan was experiencing economic hardships and had only started showing signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Affecting about one-third of the nation’s territory, millions of homes were either damaged or lost forever due to the floods. As the affected population was displaced and local health units submerged, flood relief camps by public and private sector welfare organizations were engaged to meet the humanitarian requirements of the victims. Vector-borne diseases due to the floods alongside the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic affected relief efforts. The majority of healthcare professionals were ill-prepared to oversee the flood-affected medical relief camps of that dimension due to the lack of set procedures and protocols, and they learned from their experiences as the situations unfolded. While the situation is still grave from the floods of the previous year, the same again occurring this year in June at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic is still around the corner is certainly a matter of human health and environmental concern. As natural disasters wreak massive destruction every few years there, strategies and the set hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness protocols need to be ensured.

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“…In this article, we explore current literature on the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in India and neighbouring countries, as well as factors that may affect their transmission risk (Rahmat et al 2023;Shrivastava et al 2023). The study will also identify the factors that have the potential to in uence the introduction or spread of mosquito vectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the impact of vector-borne diseases in India through the best-worst multicriteria decision-making method for prioritizing their distribution based on impact factor

Abishek,

2024

Preprint

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The term mosquito-borne disease refers to diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Emerging or re-emerging diseases occur in a previously uninfected region, group, or individual. Several infectious diseases can cause dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile fever, and malaria, for example. As a result of competent mosquitoes and frequent travel to endemic areas, these diseases are likely to emerge or re-emerge in India. Several factors affect the distribution of vectors and/or diseases, including climate conditions, meteorological conditions, the environment, and demographic factors. Several countries with similar environmental conditions such as China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Bhutan are examined in this paper. It will also identify mosquito vector introductions or spreads. Multicriteria decision-making is used in India to prioritize diseases. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we identified, selected, and evaluated relevant studies. 223 of the 469 articles identified in the databases were reviewed. 47 articles between 2000 and 2017 were included in the data set. In the papers, dengue, zika, and chikungunya were discussed. Population density, precipitation, and temperature influenced results. Temperature, precipitation, and NDVI are the most commonly used variables. In 23% of the articles, temperature, precipitation, and water indexes were the largest variables. Recent publications on mosquito-borne diseases indicate that mosquito-borne diseases are becoming more important in India. Environmental and climatic factors influence emerging diseases' spatial distribution and emergence.

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The impact of COVID-19 followed by extreme flooding on vector borne diseases in Pakistan: A mini narrative review

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

A human rights‐based approach to climate injustices at the local, national, and international levels: Program and policy recommendations

A human rights‐based approach to climate injustices at the local, national, and international levels: Program and policy recommendations

Potential for a 'second disaster in Pakistan: a wave of fatal diseases' - the outcome of the unprecedented floods and the role of climate change

Optimizing the impact of vector-borne diseases in India through the best-worst multicriteria decision-making method for prioritizing their distribution based on impact factor

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