“…It have also been observed harmful algal blooms (Trainer et al, 2020), reduced levels of surface chlorophyll (Bond et al, 2015), reduced surface area of cold upwelling waters (Konéet al, 2022) and loss of seagrass and kelp forests (Arias-Ortiz et al, 2018;Thomsen et al, 2019). Significant and progressive changes in the distribution of the main coastal seaweed species in northern Spain have been described by several studies (Fernańdez and Anadón, 2008;Müller et al, 2009;Fernańdez, 2011;Viejo et al, 2011;Duarte et al, 2013;Voerman et al, 2013;Fernańdez, 2016;Piñeiro-Corbeira et al, 2016;Casado-Amezuá et al, 2019;Des et al, 2020). According to Goḿez-Gesteira et al (2008), these changes are mainly associated with the observed increase in MHWs in this region, among other factors.…”