The impact of automated control of indoor air pollutants on cardiopulmonary health, environmental comfort, sleep quality in a simulated apartment: A crossover experiment protocol

Abstract

Air pollution makes an impact on cardio-pulmonary health. Since people spend over 90% of their time indoors, exposures to the indoor environment make the most significant impact on health. Among indoor sources, cooking emits the most particles that disperse through the residential indoor environment and expose occupants. We use fully controlled simulated residential modules to conduct exposure experiments. In the pilot study, participants stayed in modules for 1 week, and in the main study, 14 participants will stay in the module for 4 weeks. One module is operated as a classical US house air supply recommendation. The second module has an advanced control system that, alongside the standard air supply, activates air quality interventions: stove hood, portable air cleaners, bathroom exhaust and air flush (increasing air supply ∼3 times) as a function of the PM2.5 levels in the space. Environmental sensors based on Internet of Things technology simultaneously monitored Particulate Matter (PM2.5), CO2, Total Volatile Organic Compounds Relative Humidity and air temperature in all spaces and operated air quality interventions. Participant’s scheduled activities include morning and evening tasks, Monday through Friday. Participants may leave the module during the day. They will be asked to cook breakfast and dinner using lab-provided recipes. We measured each participant’s blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Blood and urine samples were collected 3 times per participant in the pilot and will be collected 2 times a week in the main study. Up to 20 ml of blood and a minimum of 30 ml of urine will be sampled per collection. Analysis of blood and urine was performed for 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, urine), von Willebrand Factor (vWF, blood plasma), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP, blood serum), Interleukin-6 (blood plasma), CD11b (blood), Fibrinogen (blood plasma), and Myeloperoxidase (blood serum). We conducted a Pilot for 2 weeks with 3 participants to test the study protocol and data collection. We adjusted the protocol for the main study based on the pilot results. Results showed that the proposed study protocol could be completed, and the methodology adopted in this study will provide valuable insights into the relationship between exposure to cooking particles and occupants' health.Trial registration: Mayo Clinic IRB 20-007908.

Comparison of cooking emissions mitigation between automated and manually operated air quality interventions in one-bedroom apartments

“…We recruited 15 participants (7 female, 7 male, and 1 other), collected and analyzed data. Details about the recruitment process, inclusion and exclusion criteria can be found in the Mayo Clinic IRB #20-007908 or in the Pantelic et al, 2023 40 . The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved all study procedures (Mayo Clinic IRB #: 20-007908).…”

“…This schedule was designed to simulate exposure to residential activities (e.g., cooking and cleaning) and included periodic health assessments performed throughout these residential activities. More details about the participant's activity can be found in Pantelic et al, 2023 40 . Besides scheduled activities in the module, participants utilized it as they would their home.…”

“…7a): for some participants, the automated stove hoods in Advanced Control produce lower indoor concentration than in Standard Control, but for some, it is the reverse. This might be due to a personal cooking style that was not speci ed in the study protocol 40 , therefore, participants could have used higher or lower temperatures and cooked for a different time depending on their cooking style. The results for 30 min after the cooking started show that for most participants, the Advanced Control had a lower median PM 2.5 concentration of cooking-emitted particles in the kitchen (Fig.…”