The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease—A spatiotemporal perspective in Xi'an, northwestern China

Shen, Li; Sun, Minghao; Song, Shuxuan; Hu, Qingwu; Wang, Nuoya; Ou, Guangyu; Guo, Zhishan; Du, Jing; Shao, Zhongjun; Bai, Yao; Liu, Kun

doi:10.1002/jmv.27715

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…When these measures were relaxed (November 2020–March 2021), the frequency of Rotavirus was higher (roughly 90%). This phenomenon was already described by other authors in different regions of the world, mainly for enteric viruses (Wang et al, 2021 ; Chan, 2022 ; Shen et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area

et al. 2022

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The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still impacting not only on human health but also all economic activities, especially in those related to tourism. In this study, in order to characterize the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a hot spring park in Uruguay, swimming pools water, wastewater, and surface water from this area were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Wastewater from Salto city located next to the hydrothermal spring area was also evaluated as well as the presence of Rotavirus (RV). Overall, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 13% (13/102) of the analyzed samples. Moreover, this virus was not detected in any of the samples from the swimming pools water and was present in 18% (3/17) of wastewater samples from the hotels area showing the same trend between the titer of SARS-CoV-2 and the number of infected people in Salto city. SARS-CoV-2 was also detected in wastewater samples (32% (11/34)) from Salto city, detecting the first positive sample when 105 persons were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Rotavirus was detected only in 10% (2/24) of the wastewater samples analyzed in months when partial lockdown measures were taken, however, this virus was detected in nearly all wastewater samples analyzed when social distancing measures and partial lockdown were relaxed. Wastewater results confirmed the advantages of using the detection and quantification of viruses in this matrix in order to evaluate the presence of these viruses in the population, highlighting the usefulness of this approach to define and apply social distancing. This study suggests that waters from swimming pools are not a source of infection for SARS-CoV-2, although more studies are needed including infectivity assays in order to confirm this statement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12560-022-09537-w.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area

et al. 2022

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“…It suggests that compared to respiratory infectious diseases, HFMD was less sensitive to some less-disruptive NPIs, such as mask-wearing. Nevertheless, a more careful personal health management including better health awareness and hygiene practices could have positive impacts on HFMD [ 47 ]. The essential elements might be to increase parental and kindergarten teachers' awareness of health and their supervisions to young children’s personal hygiene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangzhou, China

Liu

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have suppressed the transmission of other infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different degrees of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic on hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Guangzhou, China. Methods Weekly reported HFMD cases and pathogens information during 2015–2021 in Guangzhou were collected from the China National Notifiable Disease Reporting System. The observed number of HFMD cases in 2020 and 2021 was compared to the average level in the same period during 2015–2019. Then, an interrupted time-series segmented regression analysis was applied to estimate the impact of NPIs on HFMD, such as social distancing, suspension of schools, community management and mask wearing. The effects across different subgroups stratified by gender, children groups and enterovirus subtype of HFMD were also examined. Results A total of 13,224 and 36,353 HFMD cases were reported in 2020 and 2021, which decreased by 80.80% and 15.06% respectively compared with the average number of cases in the same period during 2015–2019. A significant drop in the number of HFMD cases during time when strict NPIs were applied (relative change: 69.07% [95% confidence interval (CI): 68.84%–69.30%]). The HFMD incidence rebounded to historical levels in 2021 as the lockdown eased. The slightest reduction of HFMD cases was found among children at kindergartens or childcare centres among the three children groups (children at kindergartens or childcare centres: 55.50% [95% CI: 54.96%–56.03%]; children living at home: 72.64% [95% CI: 72.38%–72.89%]; others: 74.06% [95% CI: 73.19%–74.91%]). Conclusions The strong NPIs during the COVID-19 epidemic may have a significant beneficial effect on mitigating HFMD. However, the incidence of HFMD rebounded as the NPIs became less stringent. Authorities should consider applying these NPIs during HFMD outbreaks and strengthening personal hygiene in routine prevention.

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“…[37][38][39] Interventions such as the wearing of masks, frequent hand-washing, less gathering, or even school closure, played an positive role in the prevention and control of HFMD. [40] These various public health intervention strategies and measures adopted by China to contain COVID-19 can provide a reference for the prevention and control of HFMD and indeed other infectious diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of enterovirus 71 vaccination on the epidemiological characteristics and etiology in hospitalized children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A retrospective study from a tertiary children’s hospital

Sun

Liu

et al. 2022

Medicine

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Enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) prevention has been available for several years. However, as a new vaccine, the impact of EV71 vaccination on the epidemiology and etiology of HFMD is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the changes of epidemiological characteristics and etiology of HFMD patients after the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The data of hospitalized children with HFMD from 2014 to 2020 were collected from the case record department of a tertiary children hospital of Anhui Province. The changes of epidemiological characteristics, time distribution, disease severity and enterovirus serotypes in hospitalized children were analyzed. A total of 7373 cases of HFMD were reported during 2014 to 2020, including 634 (8.6%) severe cases. The number of cases reached the peak in 2016 (n = 1783) and decreased gradually after EV71 vaccination. The results of etiological test showed the positive rate was 80.5%, in which EV71 accounted for 1599 (21.7%) and CV-A16 accounted for 1028 (13.9%) respectively. The number of patients showed a bimodal distribution throughout the year, which were April to June and October to November. The age distribution changed significantly following the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The proportion of 1-year-old group of post-vaccination was significantly higher than that of pre-vaccination (61.9% vs 50.8%, P < .001). The proportion of HFMD caused by EV71 and severe cases decreased significantly after the vaccination ( P < .001 for both). While the comparison of epidemiological characteristics and enterovirus serotypes between unvaccinated and vaccinated cases during 2017 to 2020 showed no significant difference. The dominant enterovirus serotypes of hospitalized HFMD changed significantly after the introduction of EV71 vaccine. The proportion of severe cases decreased significantly after the vaccination, but EV71 was still a major pathogen in patients with severe HFMD. More age-appropriate children are recommended to get vaccinated to establish stronger herd immunity in the population.

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The impact of anti‐COVID‐19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease—A spatiotemporal perspective in Xi'an, northwestern China

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area

Effects of different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangzhou, China

Effect of enterovirus 71 vaccination on the epidemiological characteristics and etiology in hospitalized children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A retrospective study from a tertiary children’s hospital

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