The Impact of Anthocyanins and Iridoids on Transcription Factors Crucial for Lipid and Cholesterol Homeostasis

Abstract

Nutrition determines our health, both directly and indirectly. Consumed foods affect the functioning of individual organs as well as entire systems, e.g., the cardiovascular system. There are many different diets, but universal guidelines for proper nutrition are provided in the WHO healthy eating pyramid. According to the latest version, plant products should form the basis of our diet. Many groups of plant compounds with a beneficial effect on human health have been described. Such groups include anthocyanins and iridoids, for which it has been proven that their consumption may lead to, inter alia, antioxidant, cholesterol and lipid-lowering, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. Transcription factors directly affect a number of parameters of cell functions and cellular metabolism. In the context of lipid and cholesterol metabolism, five particularly important transcription factors can be distinguished: liver X receptor (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Both anthocyanins and iridoids may alter the expression of these transcription factors. The aim of this review is to collect and systematize knowledge about the impact of anthocyanins and iridoids on transcription factors crucial for lipid and cholesterol homeostasis.

NMR, LC-MS Characterization of Rydingia michauxii Extracts, Identification of Natural Products Acting as Modulators of LDLR and PCSK9

“…Iridoids have been described as active compounds possessing significant cardiovascular, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antihepatotoxic, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, bioactivities [ 37 ], but their role in specific pathologies still needs to be investigated.…”

“…In the same paper the authors reported that geniposide reduced ileal FXR-mediated reabsorption of bile acids, resulting in increased excretion of bile acids [ 40 ]. Gentiopicroside, in both acute and chronic alcohol induced mouse hepatosteatosis (the later stage of alcoholic liver disease, ALD) models, mitigated the upregulation of SREBP-1 and downregulation of PPAR-α, among others, by activation of AMPK [ 37 , 41 ].…”

Cornus mas L. Increases Glucose Uptake and the Expression of PPARG in Insulin-Resistant Adipocytes

“…Some of the previously published reports attempted to indicate the mechanism of action of CM fruit extract. It is well known that CM fruits are a rich source of biologically active compounds [ 6 , 9 ], with possible broad action within a single cell and the whole organism [ 30 , 31 ]. It is important to understand the mechanism of action of each individual compound of CM fruits, as well as the effect of the combination of compounds found in the whole fruit.…”

Resveratrol Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by Oxidized Soybean Oils and Improves Gut Function via Changing Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets

“…FABP1 was signi cant in the normal lipid metabolism of differentiated gut epithelial cells, especially the uptake and basolateral secretion of fatty acids 78 . Meanwhile, the CD36 receptor, as a multifunctional membrane receptor, effectively promoted the ability of fatty acid uptake and improved lipid metabolism 79 . Furthermore, a clinical study revealed that propionic acid and butyric acid could promote the formation of pig adipocytes and increase the expression of PPAR-γ, a transcriptional factor crucial for controlling lipid homeostasis 80 , as well as CEBPA mRNA in a stromal vascular fraction 77 .…”