The impact of analogue material properties on the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of convergent sand wedges

Lohrmann, J.; Kukowski, Nina; Adam, Jürgen; Oncken, Onno

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(03)00005-1

Cited by 317 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

293

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Among these zones, the FIZ is the typical critical wedge, and can be well described by the corresponding theories. In this research, the results obtained in smaller depth scale are similar to that observed by Lohrmann et al (2003). As the normal stress increases (the greater depth scale), piggy-back structures are gradually replaced by pop-up structures, which is similar to the observations by Mulugeta (1998).…”

Section: Generation Of Thrust Faultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…6). Lohrmann et al (2003), based on experiments under 1-g conditions, identified that the sequence of wedges formed by convergence can be categorized into three zones: the frontaldeformation zone (FDZ), the frontal-imbrication zone (FIZ) and the internal-accumulation zone (IAZ). Among these zones, the FIZ is the typical critical wedge, and can be well described by the corresponding theories.…”

Section: Generation Of Thrust Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Lin¹,

Chen²,

Chang³

et al. 2005

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 2 Institute of Geoscience, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 3 Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, ROC * Corresponding author address: Prof. Fu-Shu Jeng, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; E-mail: fsjeng@ntu.edu.tw When using a sandbox to simulate tectonic activities, it is essential to thoroughly understand scale effect and its consequence so as to ensure an adequate model with representative simulation results. This paper investigates the topography, faulting lineaments, and internal structures of different scales associated with the simulation of plate convergence using sandbox modeling, based on three major test series. In the first test series, plate convergence is performed using simple models with flat bases to investigate fundamental behavior and observe the scale effect. The scales of sandbox models are altered either by varying the thickness of sand or by applying centrifugal conditions. The models have a relative depth scale of 1 : 2 : 20 : 40. In the second test series, the scale effects of a sandbox modeling given more realistic conditions are studied, i.e., models with underlain basement highs based on the configuration of western Taiwan. In the third test series, the impact of rougher base friction, and the effects of compaction are investigated to identify possible factors related to scale effect. Based on the observed scale effect, the possible factors accounting for scale effects are also discussed in this paper.Just like most sands, the sand tested is characterized by two phenomena: (1) its internal frictional angle increases from 34° to 41° under greater degrees of compaction, with a relative density ranging from 55 to 90%; and (2) it possesses nonlinear constitutive behavior, whereby the deformational modulus increases upon greater confining stress. Such behavior inherently accounts for scale effect in the way that the embedded stress of sand is TAO, Vol. 16, No. 3, August 2005 596 proportional to its depth; however, the frictional angle and the stiffness of sand cannot be retained constant.Results obtained from the first test series indicate that models with greater depth scale tend to have less deformation concentration near the backstop, quicker thrust faulting and longer fault propagation distances. Meanwhile, internal structures of models with greater depth scales, characterized by more pop-up structures, differ from those of small-scale models. Based on the critical wedge theory, the smaller slope angle yielded under a greater depth scale indicates stronger material strength, which results from greater confining stress or compaction. Moreover, the hardening, or increased stiffness of sand may facilitate forward propagation of convergence stress thereby contributing to the occurrence of scale effect.For the second test series, the yielding of three major fault groups, and curved faults is c...

show abstract

Section: Generation Of Thrust Faultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Generation Of Thrust Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Lin¹,

Chen²,

Chang³

et al. 2005

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Upon sliding, bonds have only a finite lifetime and their number decreases resulting in a weakening. A similar behavior has been observed in granular media/natural rocks where strain hardening occurs prior to failure and is followed by strain softening as result of compaction-decompaction cycles [Lohrmann et al, 2003].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Seismic variability of subduction thrust faults: Insights from laboratory models

Corbi¹,

Funiciello²,

Faccenna³

et al. 2011

J. Geophys. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] Laboratory models are realized to investigate the role of interface roughness, driving rate, and pressure on friction dynamics. The setup consists of a gelatin block driven at constant velocity over sand paper. The interface roughness is quantified in terms of amplitude and wavelength of protrusions, jointly expressed by a reference roughness parameter obtained by their product. Frictional behavior shows a systematic dependence on system parameters. Both stick slip and stable sliding occur, depending on driving rate and interface roughness. Stress drop and frequency of slip episodes vary directly and inversely, respectively, with the reference roughness parameter, reflecting the fundamental role for the amplitude of protrusions. An increase in pressure tends to favor stick slip. Static friction is a steeply decreasing function of the reference roughness parameter. The velocity strengthening/weakening parameter in the state-and rate-dependent dynamic friction law becomes negative for specific values of the reference roughness parameter which are intermediate with respect to the explored range. Despite the simplifications of the adopted setup, which does not address the problem of off-fault fracturing, a comparison of the experimental results with the depth distribution of seismic energy release along subduction thrust faults leads to the hypothesis that their behavior is primarily controlled by the depth-and time-dependent distribution of protrusions. A rough subduction fault at shallow depths, unable to produce significant seismicity because of low lithostatic pressure, evolves into a moderately rough, velocity-weakening fault at intermediate depths. The magnitude of events in this range is calibrated by the interplay between surface roughness and subduction rate. At larger depths, the roughness further decreases and stable sliding becomes gradually more predominant. Thus, although interplate seismicity is ultimately controlled by tectonic parameters (velocity of the plates/trench and the thermal regime), the direct control is exercised by the resulting frictional properties of the plate interface.

show abstract

“…Sandbox analog modeling has been invigorated in the past decade by the careful characterization of sand rheology [e.g., Lohrmann et al, 2003;Schellart, 2000], facilitating numerical simulations and enhancing our understanding of the faulting processes within the analog models [e.g., Buiter et al, 2006]. Just as Weijermars' [1986] careful analysis of the rheology of bouncing putty has guided subsequent analog modeling efforts of rock flow, a detailed characterization of the rheologic properties of wet kaolin can advance its application in analog modeling of faulting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Cooke¹,

Elst²

2012

Geophysical Research Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] New rheological data for wet kaolin support its use in analog table-top experiments that simulate deformation of the Earth's crust. Creep tests at small strain reveal that wet kaolin (62-66% water by mass) exhibits both elastic and viscous deformation characteristic of a Burger's material. When sheared to failure, the shear strength is relatively insensitive to the strain rate. The shear strength appears sensitive to the amount of initial compaction within the rheometer, which may indicate a normal-stress dependency typical of frictional materials. Stepped velocity tests at large strain demonstrate velocity weakening rate and state frictional behavior after yielding. Because the wet kaolin exhibits deformation characteristic of both frictional materials and bi-viscous materials, this material is well suited to simulate a variety of crustal deformational processes in scaled analog experiments. Citation: Cooke, M. L., and N. J. van der Elst (2012), Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi-viscous behavior typical of crustal materials, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01308,

show abstract

The impact of analogue material properties on the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of convergent sand wedges

Cited by 317 publications

References 33 publications

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Sandbox Experiments of Plate Convergence - Scale Effect and Associated Mechanisms

Seismic variability of subduction thrust faults: Insights from laboratory models

Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About