In times of political and social unrest, the United States has looked to social studies and civic education as a way to encourage the health of its democracy (Equity in Civic Education Project, 2020;Vickery, 2017). Rising political and social polarization and ongoing concerns about the future of American democracy have, once again, encouraged increased attention on social studies and civic education. In some instances, this increased attention has resulted in expanded opportunities for civic education, while in other instances decreased or censored opportunities for authentic participation. Attempts to either expand or stifle opportunities for civics education and civic engagement are rooted in an understanding that civic education is a powerful tool that has the potential to shape the future of our democracy and its citizens, for better or for worse. Of course, definitions and characterizations of a "healthy" democracy and "good" citizenship are highly contested as are the goals of civic education (Camicia & Knowles, 2021;Castro & Knowles, 2017). Not surprisingly, then, while most agree on the importance of preparing future citizens and the necessity of civic education, a divide is apparent over its specific aims and how to achieve these aims. This debate over the best practices and aims of civics education is certainly not new (Evans, 2004;Ross, 2014; Sears & Hughes, 1996), as how citizenship and civic education are conceived largely depends on the intellectual interest groups in power.Historically, the aim of civics education has been to cultivate personally responsible, socialized citizens that exhibit a strong sense of national identity, individual freedom, and patriotism (Litt, 1963;Marquette & Mineshima, 2002). Defined by Westheimer and Kahne (2004) as citizens who are "law-abiding members of the community" and who possess "good character," and "honesty," (p. 240), personally responsible citizenship aligns with McLaughlin's (1992) description of minimal citizenship, a description that carries with it specific legal or formal connotations. Civics education, into the 1960's, provided a surface-level glance at government and civic topics during a single secondary course. This intellectual and experiential distance from students was apparent, as government courses focused little on the rights and responsibilities of citizens (Galston, 2004). Corresponding with the constructivist movement of the 1970's and 1980's, however, civics education proponents abandoned the passive characterization of students. However, the political climate after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 created an emphasis on conformity, patriotism, and civic duty, and marginalized the emphasis on democracy and diversity (Bellows, 2012;Boyte, 2003;Westheimer, 2006). Abowitz and Harnish (2006) suggest that within the context of the "wars on terrorism" in Iraq and Afghanistan, the rhetoric of citizenship moved away from a political liberal stance emphasizing rights and towards policy and legislation rooted in civic republican ideals s...