Land-use change (LUC) is widely considered a major factor that affects soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The impacts of four LUC types on soil properties, SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) at the 0-100 cm depth were examined in the west of Loess Plateau, northwest China. Bulk density at the 20-40 cm depth increased significantly after native grassland conversion to cropland, while artificial grassland establishment and abandonment on former cropland caused reverse change. Soil water content in the profile increased 60-230% after cultivation and decreased 32-49% after abandonment (p < 0.01). The particle size distribution also showed a response to LUC. Only artificial grassland establishment caused an SOC sink of 32% at the 0-10 cm depth as well as two labile fractions. SOC tended to increase after cultivation and after abandonment, with 6% and 20% at soil surface, respectively. There were increasing trends in POC and LOC. After afforestation on former native grassland, SOC tended to decrease (23%) at the 0-10 cm depth while POC and LOC tended to increase (33% and 6%, respectively). Principal component analysis was successful in separating LUC through soil property parameters. Carbon sequestration is largely ascribed to increased below-ground production and tillage elimination after perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plantation. Irrigation and fertilization activities contribute to SOC accumulation after cultivation to some extent. The self-restoration dynamic depending on time since abandonment is important to SOC change. A lower proportion of stabilized carbon results in a slow rate of SOC accumulation after afforestation. It is necessary to investigate the long-term dynamic after LUC.