The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury

Zarrilli, Giovanni; Angerilli, Valentina; Businello, Gianluca; Sbaraglia, Marta; Traverso, Giulia; Fortarezza, Francesco; Rizzo, Stefania; Gaspari, Monica De; Basso, Cristina; Calabrese, Fiorella; Tos, Angelo Dei; Fassan, Matteo

doi:10.3390/ijms22020974

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded large RNA virus, with a genome of 27-32 kB [33]. It is composed of four main structural genes encoding the nucleocapsid protein (N), the spike glycoprotein (S), the small membrane protein (SM), and the membrane glycoprotein (M).…”

Section: Pathogen Characteristics and Mechanisms Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Lung Disease

Szturmowicz¹,

Demkow

2021

IJMS

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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), built from mitochondrial or nuclear DNA, proteinases, and histones, entrap and eliminate pathogens in the course of bacterial or viral infections. Neutrophils’ activation and the formation of NETs have been described as major risk factors for acute lung injury, multi-organ damage, and mortality in COVID-19 disease. NETs-related lung injury involves both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as the alveolar-capillary barrier. The markers for NETs formation, such as circulating DNA, neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, or myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes, were found in lung specimens of COVID-19 victims, as well as in sera and tracheal aspirates obtained from COVID-19 patients. DNA threads form large conglomerates causing local obstruction of the small bronchi and together with NE are responsible for overproduction of mucin by epithelial cells. Various components of NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary disease. NETs are responsible for the interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in the affected lungs. The immunothrombosis, stimulated by NETs, has a poor prognostic significance. Better understanding of the role of NETs in the course of COVID-19 can help to develop novel approaches to the therapeutic interventions in this condition.

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Section: Pathogen Characteristics and Mechanisms Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Lung Disease

Szturmowicz¹,

Demkow

2021

IJMS

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“…Histopathological changes were also most common in the lungs and blood vessels. The mechanism of lung injury is mainly constituted by two aspects, the production of a variety of inflammatory cytokines by alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cell activation, such as IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) (Zarrilli G et al, 2021). On the other hand, upregulation of endothelial adhesion factor (VCAM, ICAM, VWF, ANG-2, and VEGF) also contributes to lung injury (Polidoro et al, 2020).…”

Section: Common Pharmacological Actions and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Mechanisms of Action of Chinese Patent Medicines for COVID-19: A Review

Yang

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emergent infectious pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is highly contagious and pathogenic. COVID-19 has rapidly swept across the world since it was first discovered in December 2019 and has drawn significant attention worldwide. During the early stages of the outbreak in China, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were involved in the whole treatment process. As an indispensable part of TCM, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) played an irreplaceable role in the prevention and treatment of this epidemic. Their use has achieved remarkable therapeutic efficacy during the period of medical observation and clinical treatment of mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases and during convalescence. In order to better propagate and make full use of the benefits of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19, this review will summarize the potential target of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the theoretical basis and clinical efficacy of recommended 22 CPMs by the National Health Commission and the Administration of TCM and local provinces or cities in the treatment of COVID-19. Additionally, the study will further analyze the drug composition, potential active ingredients, potential targets, regulated signaling pathways, and possible mechanisms for COVID-19 through anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation, antiviral, improve lung injury, antipyretic and organ protection to provide meaningful information about the clinical application of CPMs.

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“…Contradictory findings were obtained by Gelibter et al, who reported a patient also with mild COVID-19 but who did not seroconvert IgM and IgG. The lymphocyte count was then 730/µL [ 22 , 76 ]. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab and ocrelizumab, are increasingly used drugs, especially in the forms of primary progressive MS. A reduction in the immunoglobulin production, mainly IgG, has been documented.…”

Section: Serology In Multiple Sclerosis In the Course Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Anti-S antibodies are called neutralizing antibodies [ 3 ]. It has been assumed that the early CD4 + and CD8 + response is protective, and if it is not inhibited after a while, the late response is excessive and destructive for the organism [ 21 , 22 ]. It is worth mentioning that the SARS-CoV-2 infection is divided into four phases, of which phase III is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response, which is associated with systemic complications and extrapulmonary manifestation of the disease that led to phase IV infection, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infection: Most Important Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Significance of COVID-19 Immunological Status in Severe Neurological Complications and Multiple Sclerosis—A Literature Review

Kulikowska

Kulczyńska-Przybik

Mroczko

et al. 2021

IJMS

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SARS-CoV-2/Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for the pandemic, which started in December 2019. In addition to the typical respiratory symptoms, this virus also causes other severe complications, including neurological ones. In diagnostics, serological and polymerase chain reaction tests are useful not only in detecting past infections but can also predict the response to vaccination. It is now believed that an immune mechanism rather than direct viral neuroinvasion is responsible for neurological symptoms. For this reason, it is important to assess the presence of antibodies not only in the serum but also in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in the case of neuro-COVID. A particular group of patients are people with multiple sclerosis (MS) whose disease-modifying drugs weaken the immune system and lead to an unpredictable serological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on available data, the article summarizes the current serological information concerning COVID-19 in CSF in patients with severe neurological complications and in those with MS.

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The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury

Cited by 30 publications

References 81 publications

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Lung Disease

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Lung Disease

Potential Mechanisms of Action of Chinese Patent Medicines for COVID-19: A Review

The Significance of COVID-19 Immunological Status in Severe Neurological Complications and Multiple Sclerosis—A Literature Review

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