The Immunology of Microsporidiosis in Mammals

Didier, Elizabeth S.; Khan, Imtiaz Ali

doi:10.1002/9781118395264.ch11

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“…When the immune condition of the host is compromised, infection can lead to overt signs of clinical disease, highlighting the key role of immune competence in mitigating individual- and population-level health effects of microsporidiosis [29]. Human immune deficiencies can be categorized into primary and secondary types.…”

Section: Microsporidia and Immune Competencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generalists are often responsible for opportunistic infections in vertebrates. Some notable genera containing species capable of infecting and developing in both arthropod and vertebrate hosts are Anncaliia, Tubulinosema, Trachipleistophora , and Encephalitozoon , although other genera have been implicated by molecular data with species in arthropod and vertebrate hosts (e.g., Enterocytozoon, Endoreticulatus ) [29]. Specialists are restricted to infecting and developing within a narrow range of closely related hosts, or some species require an obligate two-host system with a definitive host and intermediate host (e.g., Amblyospora ).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Stentiford

Becnel

Weiss

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

252

190

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Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnerable to epizootics, and all of which are crucial for the stability of the animal–human food chain. Mass rearing and changes in global climate may exacerbate disease and more efficient transmission of parasites in stressed or immune-deficient hosts. Further, human microsporidiosis appears to be adventitious and primarily associated with an increasing community of immune-deficient individuals. Taken together, strong evidence exists for an increasing prevalence of microsporidiosis in animals and humans, and for sharing of pathogens across hosts and biomes.

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Section: Microsporidia and Immune Competencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Stentiford

Becnel

Weiss

et al. 2016

Trends in Parasitology

252

190

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is known that an individual's immunological status plays an important role in the elimination of E. cuniculi [ 23 , 29 , 44 ]. To date, only a few serological studies have been conducted worldwide to determine the prevalence of this pathogen in rabbits [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Grading the Histological Lesions in Brain, Kidney, and Liver during Primoinfection Outbreak in Rabbits

Rodríguez-Tovar

Nevárez-Garza

Trejo-Chávez

et al. 2016

Journal of Pathogens

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This is the first confirmed report of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) in farm meat rabbits located in Northern Mexico. Eighty young rabbits exhibited clinical signs of this zoonotic emerging disease, like torticollis, ataxia, paresis, circling, and rolling. Samples of brain, kidney, and liver were examined for histology lesions. For the first time the lesions caused by E. cuniculi were graded according to their severity (I, II, and III) and the size of the granulomas (Types A, B, and C). The main cerebral injuries were Grade III, coinciding with the presence of Type C granulomas. The cerebral lesions were located in the cortex, brain stem, and medulla. The renal lesions were also Grade III distributed throughout cortex and renal medulla, with no granuloma formation. The involvement of hypersensitivity Types III and IV is suggested. All of the rabbits were seropositive to E. cuniculi by CIA testing, suggesting that this zoonotic and emerging pathogen is widely distributed among animals intended for human consumption. We believe this work could be used as a guide when examining E. cuniculi and will provide direction to confirm the diagnosis of this pathogen.

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“…Currently, 9 genera and 17 species have been reported to infect humans (Weiss and Becnel, 2014). Microsporidia are important pathogens in patients with advanced AIDS, bone marrow transplantation, organ transplantation, and patients using new antibody based immune modulatory agents (Didier and Khan, 2014). Infection is also being increasingly recognized in the elderly and pediatric population as well as travelers (Gumbo et al, 1999;Ghoshal et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

2020

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Microsporidia are found worldwide and both vertebrates and invertebrates can serve as hosts for these organisms. While microsporidiosis in humans can occur in both immune competent and immune compromised hosts, it has most often been seen in the immune suppressed population, e.g., patients with advanced HIV infection, patients who have had organ transplantation, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients using other immune suppressive agents. Infection can be associated with either focal infection in a specific organ (e.g., keratoconjunctivitis, cerebritis, or hepatitis) or with disseminated disease. The most common presentation of microsporidiosis being gastrointestinal infection with chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome. In the setting of advanced HIV infection or other cases of profound immune deficiency microsporidiosis can be extremely debilitating and carries a significant mortality risk. Microsporidia are transmitted as spores which invade host cells by a specialized invasion apparatus the polar tube (PT). This review summarizes recent studies that have provided information on the composition of the spore wall and PT, as well as insights into the mechanism of invasion and interaction of the PT and spore wall with host cells during infection.

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The Immunology of Microsporidiosis in Mammals

Cited by 11 publications

References 257 publications

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain

Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Grading the Histological Lesions in Brain, Kidney, and Liver during Primoinfection Outbreak in Rabbits

Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia

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