The immunology and immunotherapy for COVID-19

Liu, Yixin; Zhou, Xinsheng; Li, Xuan; Jiang, Xiaotao

doi:10.1017/erm.2021.30

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…It comprises two types of ligands, IL-1α and IL-1β, of which IL-1β plays a major role with systemic effects. Higher levels of IL-1β are associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection in critically ill patients [63]. Two inhibitors of the IL-1 pathway have been adopted in rheumatologic diseases: anakinra, a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, which is effectively used to treat autoinflammatory diseases, and canakinumab, which is a human monoclonal antibody-neutralizing IL-1β [64].…”

Section: Therapy: Targeting the Modulation Of Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFN-based therapy: During a viral infection, the interaction between the viral genetic material and the immune system results in the activation of numerous downstream cascade responses, including the production of IFN-stimulating genes and IFN type 1, which can directly inhibit viral replication, as well as activate the cell-mediated response against the virus [63]. For these reasons, the possibility of administering exogenous IFN type 1 has been considered to assist the endogenous response to viral infection and allow more rapid clearance of the virus.…”

Section: Therapy: Targeting the Modulation Of Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Role of Immune System and Inflammatory Cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Lung Disease: A Narrative Review

Tirelli

Amici

Albrici

et al. 2023

Biology

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). COVID-19 can manifest with a heterogenous spectrum of disease severity, from mild upper airways infection to severe interstitial pneumonia and devastating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce an over activation of the immune system and the release of high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to a “cytokine storm”, a recognized pathogenetic mechanism in the genesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung disease. This overproduction of inflammatory cytokines has been recognized as a poor prognostic factor, since it can lead to disease progression, organ failure, ARDS and death. Moreover, the immune system shows dysregulated activity, particularly through activated macrophages and T-helper cells and in the co-occurrent exhaustion of lymphocytes. We carried out a non-systematic literature review aimed at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the pathologic mechanisms played by the immune system and the inflammation in the genesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced lung disease. An overview on potential treatments for this harmful condition and for contrasting the “cytokine storm” has also been presented. Finally, a look at the experimented experimental vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has been included.

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Section: Therapy: Targeting the Modulation Of Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Therapy: Targeting the Modulation Of Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Role of Immune System and Inflammatory Cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Lung Disease: A Narrative Review

Tirelli

Amici

Albrici

et al. 2023

Biology

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“…The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of new strains of SARS-CoV-2 and the lack of a specific treatment for COVID-19 are drawing attention to the search for effective immunotherapy due to the possibility of increasing immunity to the virus and reducing hyperinflammation [4]. It has been shown that the immunological phenotype of COVID-19 is characterized by an increased number of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) and depletion of lymphocytes, the ratio of NG to lymphocytes correlates with the severity of the disease and respiratory symptoms, being a predictor of an unfavorable outcome [7,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleiotropic immunomodulating effects of peptide Arginyl-alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine on various subsets of neutrophilic granulocytes and their phenotype in patients with COVID-19 <i>in vitro</i>

et al. 2023

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The key role of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 makes them new targets for therapeutic approaches and of influencing the course and outcome of the disease, restoring changes in the phenotype and functions of NG. Synthetic peptides or polypeptide complexes of action are the most promising in the treatment of COVID-19. Aim: to reveal the effects of the influence of the hexapeptide (HP) – Arginyl-alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine on the phenotype of functionally significant NG subsets in moderate COVID-19.The study examined patients 61 (57-71) years old (n = 45) in the acute period of COVID-19 – study group1 (SG1). In vitro, samples SG1 were incubated with HP (106 g/L, 60 min, 37 °C) – study group2 (SG2). The number of NG subsets was evaluated: CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119+, CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119- , CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119+, CD64- CD16+CD32+CD11b+, CD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+ and phenotype by membrane receptor expression density (MFI) (FC 500, Beckman Coulter, USA); NG phagocytic activity was tested before and after incubation with HP. The comparison group (GS) – of 22 volunteers examined in the pre-COVID period.It was revealed that unidirectional effects of HP in vitro contributing to the restoration of the phenotype of subsets CD16+IFNα/βR1- CD119+, CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119- to CG indicators. There was a decrease in MFI CD16 (p < 0.05) in both subsets; MFI CD119 (p < 0.05) in the CD16+IFNα/βR1- CD119+NG subset, MFI IFNa/βR1 in the CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119- NG subset. The effects of HP on the phenotype of CD16+IFNα/βR1+CD119+NG subsets in 76% of cases were manifested by a decrease in MFI CD16 (p<0.05), an increase in MFI IFNα/βR1 and CD119 (p1, 2<0.05), and in 24% of cases a decrease in MFI IFNα/βR1 (p<0.05). HP in vitro remodeling of the phenotypes subsets CD64- CD16+CD32+CD11b+ and CD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+ were established, providing the usefulness of effector functions from hyperactivated to normal. In the CD64- CD16+CD32+CD11b+ subset, there was a decrease in MFI CD16 and CD11b to the indicators CG (p1, 2 < 0.05). Recovery of the NG phenotype under the influence of HP led to the restoration of the phagocytic function of NG.Positive effects of HP in vitro on the phenotypes of subsets actively and NGfunctions in COVID-19 open up prospects for the creation of new methods of immunotherapy to restore NG dysfunctions.

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Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Karakasis,

Nasoufidou,

Sagris

et al. 2024

Life

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SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has revealed a broader impact beyond the respiratory system, predominantly affecting the vascular system with various adverse manifestations. The infection induces endothelial dysfunction and immune system dysregulation, creating an inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. It affects both microvasculature and macrovasculature, leading to thromboembolic events, cardiovascular manifestations, impaired arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular complications, and nephropathy, as well as retinopathy—frequently observed in cases of severe illness. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in persistent effects on the vascular system, identified as long-term COVID-19. This is characterized by prolonged inflammation, endotheliopathy, and an increased risk of vascular complications. Various imaging modalities, histopathological studies, and diagnostic tools such as video capillaroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging have been employed to visualize vascular alterations. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the evidence concerning short and long-term vascular alterations following COVID-19 infection, investigating their impact on patients’ prognosis, and providing an overview of preventive strategies to mitigate associated vascular complications.

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The immunology and immunotherapy for COVID-19

Cited by 3 publications

References 130 publications

Exploring the Role of Immune System and Inflammatory Cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Lung Disease: A Narrative Review

Exploring the Role of Immune System and Inflammatory Cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Lung Disease: A Narrative Review

Pleiotropic immunomodulating effects of peptide Arginyl-alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine on various subsets of neutrophilic granulocytes and their phenotype in patients with COVID-19 <i>in vitro</i>

Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review

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