The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections

Abstract

The embryonic stage of filarial nematodes, or microfilariae (Mf), shows daily and seasonal periodicity that requires their migration through blood vessels into the lungs, where they are sequestered when not circulating in the peripheral blood. Therefore, Mf and the host endothelium are likely in a permanent state of hide and seek. Interestingly, filarial nematodes co-cultured in media with a murine endothelial cell line survive eight times longer than those cultured in media alone. This suggests that the endothelium is an important element of the immune response in filarial nematodes, perversely promoting their survival in the host. In this review, we will focus on potential pathways involved in the relationship between filarial nematodes and the host endothelium, including the role of endothelial ICAM/VCAM/PECAM adhesion molecules, surface markers involved in the passage of Mf through host tissue, anti-thrombolic effects caused by the presence of filarial nematodes (including plasmins), endothelial cell proliferation (VEGF), and other aspects of the immune activation of the endothelium. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge about the cross-talk between Mf of different filarial nematode species and endothelial cells (EC), thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of these parasitic infections.

Involvement of the excretory/secretory and surface-associated antigens of Dirofilaria immitis adult worms in the angiogenic response in an in-vitro endothelial cell model

“…Cultures of lymphatic endothelial cells in the presence of live worms or Wuchereria bancrofti antigens activated lymphatic vessel remodeling, causing cell proliferation and cell differentiation. These events have been linked to processes that facilitate vascular irrigation in damaged tissues [33]. However, some authors have shown that angiogenesis and/or lymphangiogenesis can be induced by various factors derived from adult worm-activated monocytes [34][35][36].…”