The immunological, biochemical and molecular bases of canine senescence and carcinogenesis: a review

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Senescence is a complex set of processes involving several biochemical, molecular and metabolomic changes, including also many disturbances in the immunological system. There are many factors, described as intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental), that may lead to advanced body senescence. In this review, several of the biochemical as well as molecular factors involved in senescence are described. The importance of immunological deficiencies as well as changes in the immunological response after induction of senescence is also highlighted. Furthermore, the molecular basis of canine carcinogenesis in relation to interleukin expression and activation as well as the role of CD leukocyte common antigen in the identification of cancer development and progression, are also described. Keywords: senescence; carcinogenesis; canine List of abbreviations4-HNE = 4-hydroxynonenal, Aβ1-42 = β-amyloid form, AD = Alzheimer disease, alpha(1)AG = alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, bcl-2 = B-cell leukemia 2, BER = base-excision repair, BRCA1 = breast cancer susceptibility gene-1, CD = cluster of differentiation, coating the surface of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, CTVT = canine transmissible venereal tumour, FOXP3 = forkhead box P3, scurfin, IFN-gamma = interferon-gamma, IL = interleukin, IVL = intravascular lymphoma, MGT's = mammary gland tumours, MHC = major histocompatibility complex, NFTs = neurofibrillary tangles, NHL = non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NK = natural killer, OGG1 = 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1, OSA = osteosarcoma, PAC-1 = first procaspase activating compound, PBLs = peripheral blood lymphocytes, pIL = interleukin plasmids, SLC1A3 = solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 3, SOD = superoxide dismutase, TCR = T-cell receptor, TCRBCL = T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma, TGF-beta = transforming growth factor beta, TIL's = tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, Tregs = T regulatory cells, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor