The immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus in zebrafish: identification and expression of a previously unknown isotype, immunoglobulin Z

Danilova, Nadia; Bussmann, Jeroen; Jekosch, Kerstin; Steiner, Lisa A.

doi:10.1038/ni1166

Cited by 392 publications

(354 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, certain characteristics of BCR genomic organization that were previously thought to be restricted to cartilaginous fish, such as cluster-type gene organization, are also present in bony fish 26 (such as catfish) and fleshy-finned fish 27 (such as lungfish). Despite the divergence of heavy-chain types that has now been recognized in cartilaginous 28 and bony [29][30][31] fish, prototypical heavy-chain CLASS-SWITCH RECOMBINATION is not seen below the phylogenetic level of amphibians 32,33 . Given the DERIVED character of the extant bony fish, the resolution of whole genomes for the pufferfish 34 , the zebrafish (see the Online links box) and other bony-fish species could offer considerable insight into the mechanisms that have driven the evolution of BCR diversification.…”

Section: An Overview Of Adaptive Immunity In Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

2005

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Numerous studies of the mammalian immune system have begun to uncover profound interrelationships, as well as fundamental differences, between the adaptive and innate systems of immune recognition. Coincident with these investigations, the increasing experimental accessibility of non-mammalian jawed vertebrates, jawless vertebrates, protochordates and invertebrates has provided intriguing new information regarding the likely patterns of emergence of immune-related molecules during metazoan phylogeny, as well as the evolution of alternative mechanisms for receptor diversification. Such findings blur traditional distinctions between adaptive and innate immunity and emphasize that, throughout evolution, the immune system has used a remarkably extensive variety of solutions to meet fundamentally similar requirements for host protection.The evolutionary development of the METAZOANS was associated with the diversification of a wide range of specialized cell-surface molecules that mediate key metabolic processes, as well as provide crucial contact interfaces and carry out a broad range of other essential functions. It is not unexpected that some of these molecules also came to function as barriers to pathogenic invasion and, in doing so, began to carry out dedicated innate immune protective functions. Whereas the simplest form of protection, barrier formation, is essentially mechanical in nature, relentless pressure from genetic variation in pathogens probably drove the evolution of such innate immune protective molecules towards diversification and, in parallel, towards integration of signalling pathways to regulate cellular responses to external stimulation. However, despite the sophistication that such innate immune mediators achieved over time, their biological complexity, by definition, would be limited by genome space, so with increasing complexity of body plan and/or increasing pathogen sophistication, they could be overwhelmed. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptMore than 500 million years ago, a TRANSPOSITION event, probably involving a recombinationactivating gene (RAG)-bearing element, might have given rise to the predecessors of the rearranging antigen-binding receptors of the jawed vertebrates, which encompass the vertebrate radiations that extend from the cartilaginous fish through to humans. This is considered the defining point in the emergence of RAG-mediated (conventional) adaptive immunity 1,2 , which has evolved to create a mechanism for deriving almost limitless variation from very few genes. Studies in traditional and non-traditional animal models, such as sharks, bony fish and birds, have brought this event and its ramifications for host defence into sharper focus. We can now predict much about how these rearranging antigenbinding receptors probably arose, what alternative pathways of immune-receptor gene evolution have occurred, what relationships exist between B-and T-cell-mediated immunity and natural killer (NK)-cell function, how complex immune ...

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Section: An Overview Of Adaptive Immunity In Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

2005

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“…In lower vertebrates, immunoglobulins (Igs) have been identified and characterized in all jawed fish species, including teleost fish. Several fish Ig isotypes have been reported in teleost fish, namely IgM, IgD, IgZ, IgT, the IgM-IgD chimera and the IgM-IgZ chimera [16][17][18][19], of which IgM is the major isotype. Similar to mammalian IgM, each monomer of teleost IgM is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains linked by disulfide bridges.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antigenic analysis of grass carp reovirus using single-chain variable fragment antibody against IgM from Ctenopharyngodon idella

Chen

Sun

Liao

et al. 2013

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)is an important species of freshwater aquaculture fish in China. However, grass carp reovirus (GCRV) can cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in yearling populations. Until now, a strategy to define the antigenic capacity of the virus's structural proteins for preparing an effective vaccine has not been available. In this study, some single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv), which could specifically recognize grass carp IgM, were selected from a constructed mouse naïve antibody phage display cDNA library. The identified scFv C1B3 clone was shown to possess relatively higher specific binding activity to grass carp IgM. Furthermore, ELISA analysis indicated that the IgM level in serum from virus-infected grass carp was more than two times higher than that of the control group at 5-7 days post infection. Moreover, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the outer capsid protein VP7 has a specific immuno-binding-reaction with the serum IgM from virus-infected grass carp. Our results suggest that VP7 can induce a stronger immune response in grass carp than the other GCRV structural proteins, which implies that VP7 protein could be used as a preferred immunogen for vaccine design.

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“…As IgM and IgD(W) are now commonly accepted to be the most primordial IgH classes in evolution 17,21,22 , it is reasonable to conclude that all other IgH classes evolved from them through various molecular mechanisms such as gene duplication, conversion or recombination. These processes gave rise to IgNAR and IgZ(T) after the divergence of cartilaginous fish and bony fish, respectively [12][13][14] . In comparison with fish, two additional IgH classes, IgY and IgA(X), have evolved in tetrapods, including amphibians, reptiles and birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both V(D)J recombination and SHM are utilized by all of the species that have been examined, whereas gene conversion has a major role only in birds 1,8,9 . Additionally, more than 10 genes encoding different Ig classes, such as IgM, IgD (IgW), IgNAR, IgZ (IgT), IgA (IgX), IgY, IgF, IgO, IgG and IgE, have been identified in various species 3,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] , and IgG and IgA are further diversified into a variable number of subclasses in mammalian species. Differential diversification of the Ig classes or subclasses may have arisen from a long evolutionary period of environmental selection pressure, thus conferring survival advantages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Logically, other IgH (H: heavy-chain genes) classes should be evolutionarily derived from IgM and IgD, likely through various mechanisms such as gene duplication, gene conversion or recombination. These processes led to the origin of IgNAR in cartilaginous fish and IgZ(T) in bony fish 13,14,23 . Although both IgY and IgA(X) appeared only after the emergence of tetrapods, the former likely preceded the latter in evolution based on the evolutionary evidence that IgA (X) resulted from a genetic recombination between IgM and IgY 24,25 .…”

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Extensive diversification of IgH subclass-encoding genes and IgM subclass switching in crocodilians

et al. 2013

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Crocodilians are a group of reptiles that are closely related to birds and are thought to possess a strong immune system. Here we report that the IgH locus in the Siamese crocodile and the Chinese alligator contains multiple m genes, in contrast to other tetrapods. Both the m2 and m3 genes are expressed through class-switch recombination involving the switch region and germline transcription. Both IgM1 and IgM2 are present in the serum as polymers, which implies that IgM class switching may have significant roles in humoural immunity. The crocodilian a genes are the first IgA-encoding genes identified in reptiles, and these genes show an inverted transcriptional orientation similar to that of birds. The identification of both a and d genes in crocodilians suggests that the IgH loci of modern living mammals, reptiles and birds share a common ancestral organization.

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The immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus in zebrafish: identification and expression of a previously unknown isotype, immunoglobulin Z

Cited by 392 publications

References 45 publications

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

Antigenic analysis of grass carp reovirus using single-chain variable fragment antibody against IgM from Ctenopharyngodon idella

Extensive diversification of IgH subclass-encoding genes and IgM subclass switching in crocodilians

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