The Immunogenic Connection of Thermal and Nonthermal Molecular Effects in Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia

Abstract

Hyperthermia in oncology is an emerging complementary therapy. The clinical results depend on multiple conditional factors, like the type of cancer, the stage, the applied treatment device, and the complementary conventional therapy. The molecular effect could also be different depending on the temperature, heating dose, kind of energy transfer, and timing sequences compared to the concomitant treatment. This article examines the molecular impacts of a specific technique used in oncological hyperthermia called modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT). What sets mEHT apart is its emphasis on harnessing the combined effects of thermal and nonthermal factors. Nonthermal energy absorption occurs through the excitation of molecules, while the thermal component ensures the ideal conditions for this process. The applied radiofrequency current selects the malignant cells, and the modulation drives the nonthermal effects to immunogenic cell death, helping to develop tumor-specific antitumoral immune reactions. The synergy of the thermal and nonthermal components excites the lipid-assembled clusters of transmembrane proteins (membrane rafts) as the channels of transient receptor potentials (TRPs), the heat-shock proteins (HSPs), the voltage-gated channels, and the voltage-sensitive phosphatases (VSPs). All these transmembrane compartments channeling various ionic species (like calcium and proton) interact with the cytoskeleton and are involved in the apoptotic signal pathways.