The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants: how do they really work?

Exley, Christopher; Siesjö, Peter; Eriksson, Håkan

doi:10.1016/j.it.2009.12.009

Cited by 161 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The mechanism proposed to underlie this effect involves the formation of the aluminium superoxide radical ion (AlO 2 2 + ), which could act as a pro-oxidant in catalysing the formation of hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 , and reducing Fe III to Fe II (53) . Aluminium can interact with transition metals; in particular, the interaction with iron and copper enhances the production of reactive oxygen species by these two redox-active metal ions, leading to the exacerbation of cell oxidative stress and neuronal cell death (54) .…”

Section: Aluminium Toxicity: General Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meaning of aluminium exposure on human health and aluminium-related diseases

Crisponi

Fanni²,

Gerosa³

et al. 2013

BioMolecular Concepts

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Abstract:The aim of this review is to attempt to answer extremely important questions related to aluminiumrelated diseases. Starting from an overview on the main sources of aluminium exposure in everyday life, the principal aspects of aluminium metabolism in humans have been taken into consideration in an attempt to enlighten the main metabolic pathways utilised by trivalent metal ions in different organs. The second part of this review is focused on the available evidence concerning the pathogenetic consequences of aluminium overload in human health, with particular attention to its putative role in bone and neurodegenerative human diseases.

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Section: Aluminium Toxicity: General Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meaning of aluminium exposure on human health and aluminium-related diseases

Crisponi

Fanni²,

Gerosa³

et al. 2013

BioMolecular Concepts

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show abstract

“…The industry widely reports success in creating vaccines with dead pathogens by adding adjuvants such as aluminum, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli, and polycationic surfactants, to further stimulate the immune response [54]. It remains unclear exactly how aluminum achieves its effect of enhancing the immune reaction, but aluminum adjuvants are now thought to impact on humoral systems via their positive influence on the inflammasome complexes [55].…”

Section: Aluminum and Mercury In Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure

Seneff

Davidson²,

Liu

2012

Entropy

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Autism is a condition characterized by impaired cognitive and social skills, associated with compromised immune function. The incidence is alarmingly on the rise, and environmental factors are increasingly suspected to play a role. This paper investigates word frequency patterns in the U.S. CDC Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) database. Our results provide strong evidence supporting a link between autism and the aluminum in vaccines. A literature review showing toxicity of aluminum in human physiology offers further support. Mentions of autism in VAERS increased steadily at the end of the last century, during a period when mercury was being phased out, while aluminum adjuvant burden was being increased. Using standard log-likelihood ratio techniques, we identify several signs and symptoms that are significantly more prevalent in vaccine reports after 2000, including cellulitis, seizure, depression, fatigue, pain and death, which are also significantly associated with aluminum-containing vaccines. We propose that children with the autism diagnosis are especially vulnerable to toxic metals such as aluminum and mercury due to insufficient serum sulfate and glutathione. A strong correlation between autism and the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is also observed, which may be partially explained via an increased sensitivity to acetaminophen administered to control fever.

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“…Furthermore, this vaccine formulation protected mice from septicemia after bacterial challenge. In addition, the use of Al(OH) 3 as an adjuvant potentiated the immune response, thereby maximizing the potency and efficacy of the antigens, which are generated in limited amounts (13), and enhancing the immune response (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, in the present study we selected two lipoproteins from H. somni, p31 (homologous to Plp4) and p40 (LppB), to induce antibodies with which to formulate an experimental vaccine to protect against H. somni challenge. As a vaccine adjuvant we used aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH) 3 ], which stimulates immunity (13) by potentiating the immune response (46) and serves as a useful alternative to cholera toxin or Freund incomplete adjuvant. Our results clearly show that the combination of the p31 and p40 fusion proteins in this experimental vaccine formulation yielded high antibody titers in rabbits and sheep and protected mice from H. somni infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Outer Membrane Lipoproteins from Histophilus somni Are Immunogenic in Rabbits and Sheep and Induce Protection against Bacterial Challenge in Mice

Guzmán-Brambila¹,

Rojas-Mayorquín²,

Flores-Samaniego³

et al. 2012

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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dHistophilus somni is an economically important pathogen of cattle and other ruminants and is considered one of the key components of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, the leading cause of economic loss in the livestock industry. BRD is a multifactorial syndrome, in which a triad of agents, including bacteria, viruses, and predisposing factors or "stressors," combines to induce disease. Although vaccines against H. somni have been used for many decades, traditional bacterins have failed to demonstrate effective protection in vaccinated animals. Hence, the BRD complex continues to produce strong adverse effects on the health and well-being of stock and feeder cattle. The generation of recombinant proteins may facilitate the development of more effective vaccines against H. somni, which could confer better protection against BRD. In the present study, primers were designed to amplify, clone, express, and purify two recombinant lipoproteins from H. somni, p31 (Plp4) and p40 (LppB), which are structural proteins of the outer bacterial membrane. The results presented here demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that when formulated, an experimental vaccine enriched with these two recombinant lipoproteins generates high antibody titers in rabbits and sheep and exerts a protective effect in mice against septicemia induced by H. somni bacterial challenge.

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The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants: how do they really work?

Cited by 161 publications

References 70 publications

The meaning of aluminium exposure on human health and aluminium-related diseases

The meaning of aluminium exposure on human health and aluminium-related diseases

Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure

Two Outer Membrane Lipoproteins from Histophilus somni Are Immunogenic in Rabbits and Sheep and Induce Protection against Bacterial Challenge in Mice

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