The Immune Response of Human Beings to Brief Infections With Pneumococcus 1

Heidelberger, Michael; Anderson, Donald G.

doi:10.1172/jci101531

Cited by 36 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The data presented in this paper indicate that the antibody response (agglutinins and mouse protective antibodies) of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia treated with penicillin is comparable to that of similar patients treated without specific therapy (17)(18)(19)(20) or treated with sulfonamides (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). The inferior response of the type 3 and 8 cases conforms with previous observations (1,6,18).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…of pneumococcal infections in both man (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) and animals (9)(10)(11)(12)(13) have shown that the development of specific antibodies is not affected by early therapy with sulfonamide drugs. In contrast, early penicillin therapy of rabbits and mice (14) and of rats (15) infected with pneumococci has been observed to suppress or decrease the antibody response of these animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meager data are available for patients treated with penicillin (8,16). The present study was undertaken (1) to examine the immunological response of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia treated with penicillin and (2) to determine the effect of early penicillin therapy on the immune response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunological Studies of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Patients Treated With Penicillin 1

Jordan¹,

Badger²,

Dingle³

1950

J. Clin. Invest.

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Immunological studies. of pneumococcal infections in both man (1-8) and animals (9)(10)(11)(12)(13) have shown that the development of specific antibodies is not affected by early therapy with sulfonamide drugs. In contrast, early penicillin therapy of rabbits and mice (14) and of rats (15) Twenty-nine patients received initial penicillin doses of from 20,000 to 50,000 units intramuscularly; 12 patients were given 100,000 units, and three patients 300,000 units. Subsequent dosage in 33 cases ranged from 20,000 to 50,000 units every two to three hours. Four patients received 100,000 units every eight hours; six patients received 100,000 units every 12 hours. One patient was treated with 300,000 units of procaine penicillin once a day. Duration of treatment varied from five to 27 days, and total dosage ranged from 1 million to 10 million units.Agglutination tests were done using a 0. Mouse protection tests were performed us'ng strains of pneumococci maintained by daily mouse passage. Mouse virulent strains 2 were available for all types except type 33. For each test, the heart's blood of a mouse, inoculated five hours previously with the specific type of pneumococci, was transferred in blood broth and the resulting culture incubated for 18 hours. The serum was diluted in 0.85 per cent NaCl solution so that 0.1 ml. was contained in 0.5 ml. Decimal dilutions of the pneumococcal culture were injected intrap-ritoneally in 0.5 ml. amounts; immediately thereafter 0.5 ml. of the serum dilution was administered by the same route. Five mice were used for each dilution, and at least four consecutive decimal dilutions of organisms were used in testing each serum. In the event that an end-point was not reached, all sera from that patient were retested. A control titration was performed with each test, employing broth in place of serum, and a 50 per cent lethal dose (LD50) was arbitrarily selected as the end-point, for comparison with the serum titrations. The titer was considered to be the degree of protection, expressed in terms of LD50, conferred by 0

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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confidence: 99%

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Immunological Studies of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Patients Treated With Penicillin 1

Jordan¹,

Badger²,

Dingle³

1950

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…non-antibody globulin N. Prior to these determinations the sera were decomplemented by adding 100 #g. N of a preformed specific Ea-antiEa precipitate per ml. of serum (12). The serum-precipitate mixtures were incubated at average maximum serum antibody N/ml.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates of Antibody Synthesis During First, Second, and Hyperimmune Responses of Rabbits to Bovine Gamma Globulin

Dixon

Maurer

Weigle

et al. 1956

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Knowledge of the rates of antibody synthesis throughout the immune response is of great importance in the evaluation of the various factors contributing to antibody production. Estimations of these rates have been previously possible in systems in which precise day to day measurement of circulating antibody was carried out. However, such estimations, even when taking into account the half-life of antibody molecules (1-3) cannot approach the accuracy and reliability of direct measurements. Tracer studies employing labelled amino acids offer a means of determining rates of antibody synthesis directly, and recently two such studies have been reported (4, 5). These two reports, which dealt with the early phases of antibody synthesis in the secondary response, were in disagreement concerning the amount of antibody formed during the first 3 days after injection of antigen.In the present investigation, we have obtained data concerning rates of antibody synthesis throughout the first, second, and hyperimmune responses with special emphasis on the rate of decline of antibody production. Bovine gamma globulin was chosen as the antigen because there are available extensive, albeit conflicting, observations of its fate in rabbits. It was hoped that knowledge of the rates of antibody synthesis might throw light on this area of disagreement. EXPEI~ I]Vf~NTA L P R O C E D U R EUse was made of the fact that amino acids are incorporated into proteins or catabolized and/or excreted within a few hours after their injection into animals. In rabbits virtually all of the initial incorporation of injected S35-1abelled amino acids into proteins occurs within 12 hours (6). We have observed that within 7 hours after injection more than 90 per cent of the original free S35-1abelled amino acid is lost from the serum.

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“…There is clinical evidence, however that patients recovering from pneumonia, either spontaneously or after sulfonamide chemotherapy, not infrequently experience a crisis in the disease several days before immune bodies appear in the serum (21)(22)(23)(24)(25). This evidence alone is inconclusive, for it is conceivable that the crisis might occur before appreciable phagocytosis took place in the lungs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%