The immune landscape of primary central nervous system diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Abstract

Primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive entity that resides in an immune-privileged site. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and the disruption of the immune surveillance influence lymphoma pathogenesis and immunotherapy resistance. Despite growing knowledge on heterogeneous therapeutic responses, no comprehensive description of the PCNSL TME is available. We investigated the immune subtypes of PCNSL and their association with molecular signaling and survival. Bulk mRNA-sequencing (n=20) and microarray (n=34) data were exploited to identify three immune subtypes of PCNSL: immune-rich, poor, and intermediate. The immune-rich subtype was associated to better survival and characterized by hyper-activation of STAT3 signaling and inflammatory signaling, e.g., IFNγ and TNF-α, resembling the hot subtype described in primary testicular lymphoma and solid cancer. WNT/β-catenin, HIPPO, and NOTCH signaling were hyper-activated in the immune-poor subtype. HLA down-modulation was clearly associated with a low or intermediate immune infiltration and the absence of T-cell activation. Moreover, HLA class I down-regulation was also correlated with worse survival with implications on immune-intermediate PCNSL that frequently feature reduced HLA expression. A ligand-receptor intercellular network revealed high expression of two immune checkpoints, i.e., CTLA-4/CD86 and TIM-3/LAGLS9. Immunohistopathology and digital imaging showed that TIM-3 and galectin-9 proteins were clearly upregulated in PCNSL. Altogether, our study reveals that patient stratification according to immune subtypes, HLA status, and immune checkpoint molecule quantification should be considered prior to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Moreover, TIM-3 protein should be considered an axis for future therapeutic development.

Location, location, location: mapping the lymphoma tumor microenvironment using spatial transcriptomics

“…The TME and methods of tumor immune evasion in lymphomas arising in immune sanctuaries are distinct from systemic DLBCL, an example being the loss of HLA class I and II expression on PCNSL cells (72). To further elucidate the immune contexture of PCNSL, Alame et al (73) used bulk RNA sequencing analysis to highlight three distinct immune cell signatures with high, intermediate or low immune gene expression levels; PCNSL tumors lacking an immune-rich TME correlated with inferior clinical outcomes. This study also demonstrated clinically relevant immune checkpoint ligandreceptor interactions, with high PD-L1-expressing tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and high TIM-3 expression associated with an immune-rich TME and improved outcomes.…”

Prognostic impact of peripheral natural killer cells in primary central nervous system lymphoma

“…Next-generation sequencing analysis has indicated that genes associated with the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, and matrix metalloprotease were predictors of prognosis (9). Transcriptomics analysis has revealed three immune subtypes in PCNLS: immune rich, poor, and intermediate; patients in the immune rich group had a hyperactivation of STAT3 signaling and inflammatory signaling such as interferon-g and tumor necrosis factor-a and had a longer progression-free survival (PFS) than those in the immune intermediate or immune poor group (10).…”