The immune escape mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Its incidence rate ranks first among otorhinolaryngological malignancies, with apparent familial aggregation, regional concentration, and ethnic susceptibility. 1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer reported 133 354 cases of NPC in 2020, only 0.7% of all cancer diagnoses that year. However, more than 70% of the new cases occurred in North Africa, Southeast Asia, and southern China, with significant geographical differentiation. 2 Moreover, the age-standardized incidence rate in these areas is 4-25 cases per 100 000 individuals, which is 50-100 times higher than in the rest of the world. [2][3][4] From the perspective of demographics, the peak age of NPC onset is 50-60 years old, and the probability of men suffering from the disease is 2-3 times that of women. 1,2 The disease's unique epidemiological features have prompted research into its risk factors, including EBV infection, host genetics, and environmental risk factors. According to the World Health Organization, NPC is divided into nonkeratinizing carcinoma and keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, and the former is further divided into

The efficacy and safety of EGFR‐TKI in recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…The development of resistance during drug treatment is mainly related to the high heterogeneity of NPC itself, and patients may simultaneously have multiple resistance mechanisms. 28 This may be due to mutations in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of EGFR (mNLS), which prevent the translocation of EGFR to the nucleus, releasing EGFR‐induced resistance to chemotherapy, especially resistance to cisplatin. Therefore, real‐time genetic testing for tailored and more personalized treatment may be a new direction in the future.…”

Exosome-mediated communication between gastric cancer cells and macrophages: implications for tumor microenvironment

“…Tumor immune escape is a process in which tumor cells evade the surveillance of the immune system, suppress the anti-tumor immune response, and enhance the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells ( 146 – 148 ). The elements ( Table 4 ) affecting tumor immune escape are composed of the tumor cells themselves and the tumor-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment ( 156 – 158 ).…”