THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME AUSTRALIAN <i>CULICOIDES</i> LATREILLE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Kettle, D. S.; Elson, M. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01711.x

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Terminology of the immature stages follows Kettle and Elson (1976) and that of the adults Wirth and Blanton (1959) and Khamala and Kettle (1971). All type material has,been dissected and mounted on slides.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT, PUPA AND LARVA OF CULICOIDES LONGIOR SP. N. AND A REDESCRIPTION OF C. ORNATUS TAYLOR (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Hagan

Reye

1986

Australian Journal of Entomology

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The female, male, pupa and larva of Culicoides longior sp. n. are described from southeast Queensland. The female of C. ornatus Taylor is redescribed and the male and larva described for the first time from Queensland specimens. The adults arecompared with a series from Darwin, Northern Territory. A diagnosis of the 2 species is provided. Larval and pupal keys are amended to include the larva and pupa of C. longior and the larva of C. ornatus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT, PUPA AND LARVA OF CULICOIDES LONGIOR SP. N. AND A REDESCRIPTION OF C. ORNATUS TAYLOR (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Hagan

Reye

1986

Australian Journal of Entomology

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“…The head measurements of C. henryi larvae overlap those of 2 other species, C. molestus (Skuse) (Kettle and Elson 1976) and C. histrio Johannsen (Kettle and Elson 1978). However the head of C. molestus is only partially sclerotised while C. henryi has a fully sclerotised head.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Keys to fourth instar larvae were given in Elson (1976,1978). C. henryi may be included in the larval key by amending couplet 6 in Kettle and Elson (1976 Keys to pupae were given in Elson (1976, 1980). C. henryi may be included in the pupal key by amending couplet 21 in Kettle and Elson (1980 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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THE IMMATURE STAGES OF CULICOIDES HENRYI LEE AND REYE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Hagan

1984

Australian Journal of Entomology

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“…Many desert mammals have longer legs (to elevate them above the hot substrate), wing pigmentation in Diptera has likely evolved hundreds of times, the lengths of setae at the apex of the larval abdomen of some species of Culicoides are related to substrate type (Kettle & Elson, 1976), and it would SUMMARY: Limited outgroup comparisons allow nearly every ingroup character state to be polarized and present a minimalistic approach. Broad comparisons allow for identification of high-weight synapomorphies, if present, and those which are homoplastic.…”

Section: Polarizing Character Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The State of Phylogenetic Analysis: Narrow Visions and Simple Answers—Examples from the Diptera (flies)

Borkent

2018

Zootaxa

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The order Diptera is remarkably diverse, not only in species but in morphological variation in every life stage, making them excellent candidates for phylogenetic analysis. Such analysis has been hampered by methods that have severely restricted character state interpretation. Morphological-based phylogenies should be based on a deep understanding of the morphology, development and function of character states, and have extensive outgroup comparisons made to determine their polarity. Character states clearly vary in their value for determining phylogenetic relationships and this needs to be studied and utilized. Characters themselves need more explicit discussion, including how some may be developmentally or functionally related to other characters (and potentially not independent indicators of genealogical relationship). The current practice by many, of filling a matrix with poorly understood character states and highly limited outgroup comparisons, is unacceptable if the results are to be a valid reflection of the actual history of the group.Parsimony analysis is not an objective interpretation of phylogenetic relationships when all characters are treated as equal in value. Exact mathematical values applied to characters are entirely arbitrary and are generally used to produce a phylogeny that the author considers as reasonable. Mathematical appraisal of a given node is similarly inconsequential because characters do not have an intrinsic mathematical value. Bremer support, for example, provides values that have no biological reality but provide the pretence of objectivity. Cladists need to focus their attention on testing the validity of each synapomorphy proposed, as the basis for all further phylogenetic interpretation, rather than the testing of differing phylogenies through various comparative programs.Current phylogenetic analyses have come to increasingly depend on DNA sequence-based characters, in spite of their tumultuous history of inconsistent results. Until such time as sequences can be shown to produce predictive phylogenies (i.e., using Hennigian logic), independent of morphological analysis, they should be viewed with caution and certainly not as a panacea as they are commonly portrayed.The purported comprehensive analyses of phylogenetic relationships between families of Diptera by Wiegmann et al. (2011) andLambkin et al. (2013) have serious flaws and cannot be considered as the "Periodic Table" of such relationships as originally heralded.Systematists working on Diptera have a plethora of complex and informative morphological synapomorphies in every life stage, either described or awaiting study. Many lineages have the potential of providing a wealth of evolutionary stories to share with other biologists if we produce stable phylogenies based on weighted synapomorphies and interpreted to elucidate the zoogeographic and bionomic divergence of the group. Some lineages are devoid of convincing synapomorphies and, in spite of our desires, should be recognized as being largely uninterpretab...

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THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME AUSTRALIAN CULICOIDES LATREILLE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Abstract: Descri tions are given of the third and fourth instar larvae and pupae of nine species of Australian

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT, PUPA AND LARVA OF CULICOIDES LONGIOR SP. N. AND A REDESCRIPTION OF C. ORNATUS TAYLOR (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT, PUPA AND LARVA OF CULICOIDES LONGIOR SP. N. AND A REDESCRIPTION OF C. ORNATUS TAYLOR (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF CULICOIDES HENRYI LEE AND REYE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)

The State of Phylogenetic Analysis: Narrow Visions and Simple Answers—Examples from the Diptera (flies)

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