The IMD pathway regulates lysozyme-like proteins (LLPs) in the silkmoth Antheraea mylitta

Satyavathi, Valluri V.; Mohamed, Amr A.; Kumari, Swetha; Mamatha, D. M.; Duvic, Bernard

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2018.04.006

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…As a lysosomal enzyme, AcP may have a role in autophagy and cell turnover as well as defense (Xia et al, 2000). Thus, the significant increase in AcP activity observed in the current study may have been an attempt by the infected insect to defend against the invading pathogens, where lysozymes are a component of humoral immunity (Mohamed et al, 2016, 2018; Satyavathi et al, 2018; Dorrah et al, 2019). Similarly, increased AcP activity due to infection with entomopathogens has been reported by several authors (Xia et al, 2001; Mirhaghparast et al, 2013; Vidhya et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Pathogen‐mediated modulation of host metabolism and trophic interactions in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Shaurub

Reyad

Mohamed

2020

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The success and sustainability of entomopathogens in insect control depend on their stress potential and ability to modulate certain physiological aspects of their insect hosts. In the present study, newly moulted fourth instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were incubated for 24 h with the median lethal dose (LD 50) of Steinernema riobrave, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, or Beauveria bassiana to determine their effects on certain metabolic activities and nutritional physiology compared to those of uninfected (control) larvae. Infection decreased total protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents. Carbohydrase activity was found to be pathogen and enzyme dependent, with S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora infection increasing amylase, invertase, and trehalase activities. Beauveria bassiana infection decreased amylase and invertase activities but increased that of trehalase. Infection with the three pathogens also enhanced phosphatase activity. All pathogens reduced transaminase activity. Changes in the nutritional indices varied not only with the variation in the candidate entomopathogen and surviving instar but also with the variation in the age of the same instar, with a profound change in late last instars (3-day-old sixth instars). The link between the metabolic activities and nutritional indices was discussed. Overall, the entomopathogen-host interaction appears to be primarily nutritional. The pleiotropic effects of the median lethal infections on the insect pest might eventually help in the biological control potential of the entomopathogens tested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Pathogen‐mediated modulation of host metabolism and trophic interactions in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Shaurub

Reyad

Mohamed

2020

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Among the increased AMPs at 48 hpi, most were involved in Toll pathway, such as cecropin , gloverin , lebocin , attacin and moricin 44,45 . Lysozyme‐like was suggested to be regulated by the IMD pathway 46 . Lu et al 47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi suppresses cellular immunity and activates humoral antibacterial immunity of the host Spodoptera frugiperda

Wang

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Metarhizium rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus with promising potential for controlling agricultural pests, including Spodoptera frugiperda. Following penetration of the host through the cuticle, M. rileyi cells transform into in vivo blastospores or hyphal bodies, propagating within the hemocoel. However, the strategies and molecular mechanisms by which M. rileyi survives upon exposure to the powerful insect immune system remain unclear.RESULTS: We determined the pathogenicity of M. rileyi and found that either conidial immersion or blastospore injection significantly decreased S. frugiperda survival in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of M. rileyi blastospores decreased the number of S. frugiperda hemocytes and impaired host cellular reactions such as nodulation, encapsulation and phagocytosis. Blastospore injection led to increased antibacterial activity in plasma at 48 h post-injection (hpi). RNA-sequencing analyses identified a large number of antimicrobial peptide genes upregulated in the fat body of M. rileyi-infected larvae at 48 hpi, which may be attributable to the activation of Toll and IMD signaling pathway.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the compromised cellular immunity of the insect host is due to the marked decrease in hemocytes and impaired cellular cytoskeletons, which may facilitate early infection by M. rileyi. Late in the course of infection, the enhanced antibacterial activity of plasma, which may be in response to intestinal evading bacteria, cannot inhibit hyphal growth in hemolymph. Our data provide a comprehensive resource for exploring the molecular mechanism employed by M. rileyi to overcome S. frugiperda immunity.

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“…Understanding the structure and function of insect immune signalling pathways and their similarities with the innate immune system of mammals may increase the use of insects as in vivo models for studying the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. For instance, the functional and structural homologues of the mammalian receptors Toll-like (TLRs)/Interleukin-1 (IL-1R), TNFα, β-1,3 glucan, and CTLs/macrophage mannose (CD206) in insects are Toll, Imd, βGRP, and CTLs/hemocytin receptors, respectively, and both mammals and insects share the NF-κβ and I-κβ transcription factors [101,102,353,354].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways

Zhang

Tettamanti

Bassal

et al. 2021

Cellular Signalling

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Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.

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The IMD pathway regulates lysozyme-like proteins (LLPs) in the silkmoth Antheraea mylitta

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Pathogen‐mediated modulation of host metabolism and trophic interactions in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Pathogen‐mediated modulation of host metabolism and trophic interactions in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

Infection of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi suppresses cellular immunity and activates humoral antibacterial immunity of the host Spodoptera frugiperda

Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways

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