The Ill Therapist: Therapists’ Reactions to Personal Illness and Its Impact on Psychotherapy

Abstract

This paper examines the potential countertransference problems therapists face when they become ill. Personal illness creates conscious and unconscious dilemmas for therapists, and the psychotherapy relationship may be strongly affected by the ways in which the dilemmas are managed. Psychotherapy is a relationship based on trust. A therapist's illness does not necessarily damage the trust that has been developed; however, the handling of the illness and interruption can create a major rupture in the relationship. Alternatively, the therapist's illness can create a useful opportunity for therapeutic work. Successful management of countertransference is a crucial ingredient for the latter outcome. Relatively little has been written until recently on countertransference aspects of therapist illness. Available literature has noted such defenses as denial, omnipotent fantasies, and reaction formation against dependency and weakness. Illness has been seen as a problem for "older" therapists, but, in fact, illness can occur at any age. Illness may cause a defensive withdrawal from one's patients and in its most serious instance lead to total empathic failure. Clinical concerns for the ill therapist fall into two categories: how much (if any) information to give patients about the illness and how to work therapeutically with patients' reactions. While there are no clear guidelines, we recommend a flexible, common sense approach with the central focus always on the patient's reactions to information or to changes in the therapy. The foundation for decisions about information and for subsequent processing of reactions must be the therapist's own awareness of countertransference. We recommend consultation with trusted colleagues or supervisors. In addition, we emphasize the ethical responsibility every therapist has to provide for patients in the event of an emergency ahead of time. Finally, we surveyed a small number of experienced therapists who were known to have had personal experience with illness. The results indicated that decisions about giving information were not difficult. However, the countertransference reactions of anxiety, denial, sadness, and avoidance (of patient anger) were often troublesome. We recommend that psychotherapy training include management of therapist illness. We also recommend that supervisors be familiar with the countertransference aspects as they may be called on suddenly to give consultation. Our conclusion is that therapist illness is as big an event for the therapist as it is for the patient, and we hope that a body of literature will be developed on this important topic.

Therapists’ Bereavement and Loss Experiences: A Literature Review

“…Wong (1990) commented on her own illness and its meanings reporting a loss of her body as she knew it, of her control 24 over herself, of her competence and reasoning. Therapists' defences such as denial, omnipotence, narcissistic withdrawal and reaction formation against weakness (Bram, 1995;Chernin, 1976;Counselman & Alonso, 1993;Dewald, 1994;Halpert, 1982) may cause great harm to the neutrality, objectivity, empathy and general engagement with the client (Counselman & Alonso, 1993;Halpert, 1982). A therapist's unresolved losses may affect negatively the therapeutic process as any other unresolved issues (Hayes et al, 2007).…”

Therapists' Experience of Loss: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

“…A loss may lead to enhanced realization of one's own mortality and existential issues but also a normalization of feelings and the need to grieve (Boyden, 2006;Bozenski, 2006, Colao-Vitolo, 2006Millon, 1998). A loss experience might result in greater empathy and improved ability to communicate with clients (Allen & Miller, 1988;Bozenski, 2006;Givelber & Simon, 1981;Guy, 1987;Martin, 2011;Schwartz, 2004) but it can also negatively affect the therapeutic process through the therapists' emotional vulnerability (Balsam & Balsam, 1984;Bozenski, 2006;Millon, 1998;Rappaport, 2000;Schwartz, 2004;Ulman, 2001) and use of psychological defences (Bram, 1995;Chernin, 1976;Counselman & Alonso, 1993;Dewald, 1994;Halpert, 1982).…”

When the Therapist is in Crisis: Personal and Professional Implications for Small Community Psychotherapy Practices

“…Therapists pride ourselves on being competent, giving, and useful. We often cope with anxiety by being caretakers and are not so comfortable with being on the receiving end of care giving (Counselman & Alonso, 1993). When in a crisis, therapists behave according to their personality styles, residual internal conflicts, adaptive and defensive coping strategies, and past history of trauma (Dewald, 1994).…”