The identity of the air sacs of the turkey (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i>)

Gross morphological features of the air sacs of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix)

“…On the other hand, Ellenberger and Baum () and Nickel, Schummer, and Seiferle () reported that the right abdominal air sac is larger in the domestic fowl (Ellenberger & Baum, ; Nickel et al, ). The current work revealed that the abdominal airs sacs in the hooded crow gave off several perirenal diverticula that extend along the kidneys and invade adjacent vertebrae, the pelvic girdle and extend several femoral diverticula that invade the bones and muscles of the pelvic limb, which is similar to findings reported for many birds (Duncker, ; Groebbels, ; King, ; King & Atherton, ).…”

“…The current work documented that the cervical sacs of the hooded crow consisted of a pair of main chambers and diverticula like that observed in most birds (King, ). On the other hand, in some birds such as the turkey (Meleagris) and goose, the cervical air sac fused with the lateral part of the clavicular sac to form the cervicoclavicular air sac (King & Atherton, ; Onuk, Haziroglu, & Kabak, ). Moreover, the cervical air sac is absent in Gavidae and Podicipedidae (Duncker, ; Gier, ).…”

“…The latter authors added that the clavicular sacs in birds were composed of two pairs; two medial and two lateral sacs, which fuse in most species to form a single sac. On the other hand, in Meleagris , the medial part of the clavicular sac persists as a pair of very small separate sacs (King & Atherton, ). However, in Ciconiiformes and Laridae, the medial and lateral pairs of clavicular air sacs remain separate (King, ).…”

“…Moreover, another diverticulum of each thoracic air sac is an extension along the oesophagus of phalacrocoracids (Duncker, ). On the other hand, the caudal thoracic sac is absent in Meleagris (King & Atherton, ).…”

Microscopic and submicroscopic anatomy of the parabronchi, air sacs, and respiratory space of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

“…Early generations of the sporozoan develop within specific pulmonary vessels and produce distinctive pulmonary lesions whose description demanded precise anatomic definition of normal pulmonary structures. Review of the literature at that time revealed careful descriptions and illustrations of air passages down to parabronchi (Krause, 1922;Akester, 1960;King, 1966;Evans, 1969;King and Atherton, 1970;Lasiewski, 1972) and brief notes regarding the ultrastructure of the respiratory anatomy of some birds (Tyler et al, 1961;Pattle and Hopkinson, 1963;Tyler and Pangborn, 1964; Fugiwara et al, 1970), but there was no integrated comprehensive description of the microscopic and sub microscopic structure of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) respiratory system. …”