Abstract:Winter dormancy is an adaptative mechanism that temperate and boreal trees have developed to protect their meristems against low temperatures. In apple trees (Malus domestica), cold temperatures induce bud dormancy at the end of summer/beginning of the fall. Apple buds stay dormant during winter until they are exposed to a period of cold, after which they can resume growth (budbreak) and initiate flowering in response to warmer temperatures in spring. It is well-known that small RNAs modulate temperature respo… Show more
“…In our previous study, two SVP homologous genes ( CpSVP1 and CpSVP2 ) were identified from the transcriptome of wintersweet floral buds and considered as candidate genes for regulating floral bud dormancy [ 41 ]. However, miRNA6390 was not identified in all of the sRNA libraries in this study, and miRNAs targeting CpSVP1 or CpSVP2 were not found, which is similar to the results reported in Japanese pear, peach, and apple [ 37 , 39 , 59 ]. The reason for such differences may be different species, indicating that the regulatory roles of miRNAs in plant bud dormancy release may vary among species or even cultivars.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 88%
“…By contrast, 21-nt sRNAs are most abundant in apple ( Malus domestica cv.) and masson pine ( Pinus massoniana ) [ 11 , 37 ]. These results suggest that sRNA transcripts are complex and vary significantly in different plants.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…miRNAs are an important epigenetic modification; however, their regulations in bud dormancy are scarcely reported. Only several studies have identified miRNAs that regulate bud dormancy in trees, including pear, apple, peony, peach, and grape [ 21 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In white pear, miRNA6390 directly targets PpDAM to inhibit its expression, thereby promoting the release of floral bud dormancy [ 21 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In peach, miR6285 was found to regulate dormancy release in flower buds by targeting asparagine-rich protein ( NRP ), which is involved in ABA signal transduction [ 39 ]. The miR159-MYB module could be involved in regulating apple bud dormancy by mediating the homeostasis of endogenous ABA [ 37 ]. Most of these data were obtained with high-throughput sequencing; thus, the regulation mechanisms of miRNAs in bud dormancy are unclear.…”
Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet) is highly valued ornamentally and economically. Floral bud dormancy is an important biological characteristic in the life cycle of wintersweet, and a certain period of chilling accumulation is necessary for breaking floral bud dormancy. Understanding the mechanism of floral bud dormancy release is essential for developing measures against the effects of global warming. miRNAs play important roles in low-temperature regulation of flower bud dormancy through mechanisms that are unclear. In this study, small RNA and degradome sequencing were performed for wintersweet floral buds in dormancy and break stages for the first time. Small RNA sequencing identified 862 known and 402 novel miRNAs; 23 differentially expressed miRNAs (10 known and 13 novel) were screened via comparative analysis of breaking and other dormant floral bud samples. Degradome sequencing identified 1707 target genes of 21 differentially expressed miRNAs. The annotations of the predicted target genes showed that these miRNAs were mainly involved in the regulation of phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction, epigenetic modification, transcription factors, amino acid metabolism, and stress response, etc., during the dormancy release of wintersweet floral buds. These data provide an important foundation for further research on the mechanism of floral bud dormancy in wintersweet.
“…In our previous study, two SVP homologous genes ( CpSVP1 and CpSVP2 ) were identified from the transcriptome of wintersweet floral buds and considered as candidate genes for regulating floral bud dormancy [ 41 ]. However, miRNA6390 was not identified in all of the sRNA libraries in this study, and miRNAs targeting CpSVP1 or CpSVP2 were not found, which is similar to the results reported in Japanese pear, peach, and apple [ 37 , 39 , 59 ]. The reason for such differences may be different species, indicating that the regulatory roles of miRNAs in plant bud dormancy release may vary among species or even cultivars.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 88%
“…By contrast, 21-nt sRNAs are most abundant in apple ( Malus domestica cv.) and masson pine ( Pinus massoniana ) [ 11 , 37 ]. These results suggest that sRNA transcripts are complex and vary significantly in different plants.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…miRNAs are an important epigenetic modification; however, their regulations in bud dormancy are scarcely reported. Only several studies have identified miRNAs that regulate bud dormancy in trees, including pear, apple, peony, peach, and grape [ 21 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In white pear, miRNA6390 directly targets PpDAM to inhibit its expression, thereby promoting the release of floral bud dormancy [ 21 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In peach, miR6285 was found to regulate dormancy release in flower buds by targeting asparagine-rich protein ( NRP ), which is involved in ABA signal transduction [ 39 ]. The miR159-MYB module could be involved in regulating apple bud dormancy by mediating the homeostasis of endogenous ABA [ 37 ]. Most of these data were obtained with high-throughput sequencing; thus, the regulation mechanisms of miRNAs in bud dormancy are unclear.…”
Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet) is highly valued ornamentally and economically. Floral bud dormancy is an important biological characteristic in the life cycle of wintersweet, and a certain period of chilling accumulation is necessary for breaking floral bud dormancy. Understanding the mechanism of floral bud dormancy release is essential for developing measures against the effects of global warming. miRNAs play important roles in low-temperature regulation of flower bud dormancy through mechanisms that are unclear. In this study, small RNA and degradome sequencing were performed for wintersweet floral buds in dormancy and break stages for the first time. Small RNA sequencing identified 862 known and 402 novel miRNAs; 23 differentially expressed miRNAs (10 known and 13 novel) were screened via comparative analysis of breaking and other dormant floral bud samples. Degradome sequencing identified 1707 target genes of 21 differentially expressed miRNAs. The annotations of the predicted target genes showed that these miRNAs were mainly involved in the regulation of phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction, epigenetic modification, transcription factors, amino acid metabolism, and stress response, etc., during the dormancy release of wintersweet floral buds. These data provide an important foundation for further research on the mechanism of floral bud dormancy in wintersweet.
“…In A. nanus , 53 lncRNAs were identified as miRNA precursors, and the corresponding miRNAs belonged to 20 miRNA families, including MIR156, MIR159, MIR167, MIR172, MIR390, MIR393, MIR396, and MIR398. It was reported that cold-responsive miRNAs, including miR156 [ 42 ], miR159 [ 43 ], miR167 [ 44 ], miR172 [ 45 ], miR390 [ 46 ], miR393 [ 47 ], miR396 [ 48 ], and miR398 [ 49 ], played critical regulatory roles in the response of plants to cold stress by negatively regulating their targets. Long non-coding RNAs can also act on protein-coding genes that are targeted by miRNAs by competitively binding to the miRNAs, thereby forming lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory modules [ 50 ].…”
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play critical regulatory roles in plants. Ammopiptanthus nanus can survive under severe low-temperature stress, and lncRNAs may play crucial roles in the gene regulation network underlying the cold stress response in A. nanus. To investigate the roles of lncRNAs in the cold stress response of A. nanus, a combined lncRNA and mRNA expression profiling under cold stress was conducted. Up to 4890 novel lncRNAs were identified in A. nanus and 1322 of them were differentially expressed under cold stress, including 543 up-regulated and 779 down-regulated lncRNAs. A total of 421 lncRNAs were found to participate in the cold stress response by forming lncRNA–mRNA modules and regulating the genes encoding the stress-related transcription factors and enzymes in a cis-acting manner. We found that 31 lncRNAs acting as miRNA precursors and 8 lncRNAs acting as endogenous competitive targets of miRNAs participated in the cold stress response by forming lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory modules. In particular, a cold stress-responsive lncRNA, TCONS00065739, which was experimentally proven to be an endogenous competitive target of miR530, contributed to the cold stress adaptation by regulating TZP in A. nanus. These results provide new data for understanding the biological roles of lncRNAs in response to cold stress in plants.
Endodormancy is one of the most studied physiological processes in perennial plants like apricot. This period is vital both for the tree survival against the adverse climatic conditions of winter and for obtaining a proper flowering and fruit set. Many studies have remarked the importance of chill accumulation as the limiting factor for endodormancy release. The increase of mean temperatures caused by climate change has been seriously endangering this process during the last decades. Because of this, plant growth regulators for promoting endodormancy release have spread worldwide. However, due to the toxicity and the irregular efficiency, there is a great necessity of developing new environment-friendly regulators for promoting endodormancy release. In this 3-year study, we applied four different commercial plant growth regulators to the Flopría apricot cultivar. Two of them, Broston® and Erger® were the most effective ones to advance endodormancy release. The physiology and biochemistry behind these treatments were studied by a non-target metabolomic and expression analysis in flower buds. Metabolic groups, like phospholipids, only varied in treated samples, whereas others like by-products of L-Phe metabolism, or ABA significantly varied in both types of samples throughout endodormancy release. Finally, to validate these results, solutions of phospholipids, phenylpropanoids, or ABA, among others, were applied for the first time to apricot trees, showing, i.e., that phospholipids treated-trees released from endodormancy two weeks earlier than control. This study aims to be an initial stage for the elaboration of environmentally safe regulators in apricot, with a potential in other Prunus and temperate fruit tree species.
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