The identification of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate extracts and their potential formation as artifacts during particulate collection

Hartung, A.; Kraft, J.; Schulze, J.; Kiess, H.; Lies, K.-H.

doi:10.1007/bf02687752

Cited by 35 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…During sample collection, NO x can react with PAHs collected on filters to form NPAHs (Stenberg et al, 1983; Hartung et al, 1984; Coutant et al, 1988; Schauer et al, 2003). However, formation of such artifacts was minor under the conditions of the Federal Test Procedure (Lies et al, 1985; Matti Maricq, 2007), and artifacts represented below 30% of 1-nitropyrene in heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust sampled for up to 41-min (Schuetzle and Perez, 1983).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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Diesel exhaust emissions contain numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for which emission information is limited, especially for idling conditions, new fuels and the new after-treatment systems. This study investigates exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and sterane and hopane petroleum biomarkers from a heavy-duty (6.4 L) diesel engine at various loads (idle, 600 and 900 kPa BMEP), with three types of fuel (ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD, Swedish low aromatic diesel, and neat soybean biodiesel), and with and without a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF). Swedish diesel and biodiesel reduced emissions of PM2.5, Σ15PAHs, Σ11NPAHs, Σ5Hopanes and Σ6Steranes, and biodiesel resulted in the larger reductions. However, idling emissions increased for benzo[k]fluoranthene (Swedish diesel), 5-nitroacenaphthene (biodiesel) and PM2.5 (biodiesel), a significant result given the attention to exposures from idling vehicles and the toxicity of high-molecular-weight PAHs and NPAHs. The DOC + DPF combination reduced PM2.5 and SVOC emissions during DPF loading (>99% reduction) and DPF regeneration (83–99%). The toxicity of diesel exhaust, in terms of the estimated carcinogenic risk, was greatly reduced using Swedish diesel, biodiesel fuels and the DOC + DPF. PAH profiles showed high abundances of three and four ring compounds as well as naphthalene; NPAH profiles were dominated by nitro-naphthalenes, 1-nitropyrene and 9-nitroanthracene. Both the emission rate and the composition of diesel exhaust depended strongly on fuel type, engine load and after-treatment system. The emissions data and chemical profiles presented are relevant to the development of emission inventories and exposure and risk assessments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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“…The basic structures, fluorene and pyrene, are common in emissions from incomplete combustion. Because nitrogen oxides are also present during combustion, the reaction products NF and NP are common in environmental analyses (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). NP occurs in the particle phase, whereas NF is found with a 50/50 distribution in the particle and semivolatile phase (34).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a risk assessment for the urban citizen

Möller¹,

Lax²,

Eriksson³

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Sources include emissions from vehicles (mainly diesel vehicles), heating, smoking, certain types of food processing, and incomplete combustion in general. Nitro-PAHs are direct-acting mutagens, and a number of them have been shown to be carcinogens. 2-Nitrofluorene (NF) represents a model substance for the nitro-PAHs. An attempt has been made to calculate the human cancer risk due to exposure to nitro-PAHs by two different models. In the first model, genotoxic lesions were transferred to units of Gray (y-irradiation), and in the second model a mega study (24,000 animals) on the carcinogenicity of one metabolite of NF was used to elucidate the risk. Gamma-irradiation of the rat liver gave rise to preneoplastic foci in a dose-dependent manner. which was statistically significant. The Gray-equivalents of chemically (NF) induced foci were calculated, and from the human nitro-PAH exposure, expressed in Sievert, a human risk estimate was calculated. In the second model, an extrapolation from laboratory animals to man was performed because tumor data on 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a major metabolite of NF, were available in the literature. The tumor dose-response data on AAF was linear for tested lifetime doses. The results ofboth models agreed, with a risk range of 0.15-49x 10 -i on human cancer risk for an urban citizen.

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“…An aliquot of each of the sample solutions was subjected to HPLC analysis. An HPLC system with column-switching and chemiluminescence detection [16][17][18] was employed for OHNPs and 1-NP analysis, with several modifications to the column type and size in the previously reported system [19]. Briefly, the system consists of four HPLC pumps, a 6-port switching valve, a clean up column (GL Sciences, Inertsil ODS-P, 3.0 mm ID Â 250 mm), separation columns (GL Sciences, Inertsil ODS-EP, 3.0 mm ID Â 250 mm or Inertsil ODS-3, 3.0 mm ID Â 250 mm Â 2), a reducer column (Jasco, NPpak-RS, 4.6 mm ID Â 10 mm), a trapping column (GL Sciences, Inertsil ODS-3, 4.0 mm ID Â 30 mm), and a chemiluminescence detector (Soma Optics, S-3400).…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Of Ohnps By Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of particle-associated hydroxynitropyrenes with correction for chemical degradation on a quartz fibre filter during high volume air sampling

Kameda

Akiyama

Toriba

et al. 2010

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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The identification of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate extracts and their potential formation as artifacts during particulate collection

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a risk assessment for the urban citizen

Determination of particle-associated hydroxynitropyrenes with correction for chemical degradation on a quartz fibre filter during high volume air sampling

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