The identification of Cryptosporidium species in Isfahan, Iran by PCR-RFLP analysis of the 18S rRNA gene

Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management

“…), Mice ( Mus sp. ), Greater bilblies ( Macroties lagotis ), Girrafes house mice ( Mus musculus ), Eastern grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ), Large footed mouse-eared bat ( Myotis adversus ), Japanese field mouse ( Apodemus argenteus ), Bilbies ( Macrotis lagotis ), Bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), Campbell hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ), Siberian hamster ( Phodopus sungorus ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ), Cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ), East African mole rat ( Tachyoryctes splendens ), Ringed seal ( Pusa hispida ), Donkey ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), Ringed seal ( Phoca hispida ), Large Japanese field mouse ( Apodemus speciosus ), Cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ), Slow loris ( Nycticebus coucang ), Ostriches ( Struthio camelus ), Mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ), Asian house rat ( Rattus tanezumi ), Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), House mouse ( Mus musculus )Numerous reports in humansChalmers et al., 1997, Hurkova et al., 2003Dubey et al., 2002, Morgan et al., 1999a, Xiao et al., 2002a, Xiao et al., 2004b, Warren et al., 2003, Nakai et al., 2004, Hikosaka and Nakai, 2005, Santín et al., 2005, Azami et al., 2007, Brikan et al., 2008, Kváč et al., 2008, Lupo et al., 2008, Lv et al., 2009, Kodádková et al., 2010, Feng, 2010, Murakoshi et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2011, Yang et al, 2013; Ng-Hublin et al., 2013, Karim et al., 2014, Qi et al., 2014, Sak et al., 2014, Du et al., 2015, Laatamna et al., 2015, Petrincová et al, 2015, Zhao et al., 2015b C. andersoni Bacterian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ), European wisent ( Bison bonasus ), Marmots Campbell hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Golden takins ( Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi ), Giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ), Macaca mulatta ( Rhesus macaque ), American mink ( Mustela vison )Minor–Matsubayashi et al., 2005, Wang et al., 2008, Lv et al., 2009, Stuart et al., 2013, Du et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Zhao et al., 2015a C. felis Rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ); Pallas's cat ( Felis Manul )Numerous reports in humans–Lucio-Forster et al., 2010, Ye et al., 2012, Bes...…”

“…Lucio-Forster et al., 2010) C. andersoni Lindsay et al., 2000 Bos taurus (Cattle)CattleLeoni et al., 2006, Morse et al., 2007, Waldron et al., 2011, Agholi et al., 2013, Jiang et al., 2014, Liu et al., 2014 C. varanii Pavlásek et al., 1995 Varanus prasinus (Emerald Monitor)LizardsNone reported C. baileyi Current et al., 1986 Gallus gallus (Chicken)BirdsNone reported C. parvum Tyzzer, 1912 Bos taurus (Cattle)RuminantsCommonly reported in humans C. meleagridis Slavin, 1955 Meleagris gallopavo (Turkey)Birds and humansCommonly reported in humans C. serpentis Levine, 1980 Elaphe guttata, E. subocularis, Sanzinia madagascarensus (Snakes)Snakes and lizardsNone reported C. felis Iseki, 1979 Felis catis (Cat)CatsMany reports (cf. Lucio-Forster et al., 2010) C. wrairi Vetterling et al., 1971 Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig)Guinea pigsNone reported C. muris Tyzzer, 1907, Tyzzer, 1910 Mus musculus (House mouse)RodentsMany reports – Guyot et al., 2001, Gatei et al., 2002, Tiangtip and Jongwutiwes, 2002, Gatei et al., 2003, Palmer et al., 2003, Gatei et al., 2006, Leoni et al., 2006, Muthusamy et al., 2006, Azami et al., 2007, Al Brikan et al., 2008, Neira et al., 2012, Hasajová et al., 2014, Petrincová et al, 2015, Spanakos et al., 2015…”

Gastroenteritis Caused by the Cryptosporidium Hedgehog Genotype in an Immunocompetent Man

“…In most cases, including those involving humans, Cryptosporidium causes an enteritic infection leading to a gastrointestinal illness characterized by severe diarrhea (10). Although more than 90% of human infections are caused by two species, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, the increasing application of molecular diagnostic tools during the last decade has uncovered more than 17 other Cryptosporidium species and genotypes capable of infecting humans (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Furthermore, infection by these atypical cryptosporidia can occur in immunocompetent hosts (17).…”

Cryptosporidium muris: Infectivity and Illness in Healthy Adult Volunteers

“…1 Cryptosporidium infection in humans was not recognized until 1976, 2,3 and it was not until the advent of molecular techniques that several Cryptosporidium species typically found in animals, including C. muris, were identified in humans, particularly immunocompromised individuals. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] C. muris infects the gastric rather than the intestinal mucosa. 11,12 This anatomical location has been described in a number of mammalian species, 13 including immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys.…”

“…13,15 The first reported case of C. muris in humans was published in 2000 (Table 1), and since that time, 10 additional C. muris cases have been reported in the literature. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]16,17 Most of these cases were associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and CD4 + T-cell absolute counts of 100/mm 3 . In contrast, two apparently healthy children in Indonesia were reported to have C. muris infection; however, this finding was not confirmed by definitive techniques.…”