The identification and management of pain, suffering and distress in cephalopods, including anaesthesia, analgesia and humane killing

Andrews, Paul; Darmaillacq, Anne Sophie; Dennison, Ngaire; Gleadall, Ian G.; Hawkins, Penny; Messenger, J. B.; Osorio, Daniel; Smith, Valerie J.; Smith, Jane A.

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.010

Cited by 149 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 135 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

137

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the present study, the bubbling of carbon dioxide gas through seawater containing 3% ethanol was used successfully to induce anaesthesia apparently inhibited by the cold aquarium seawater (10°C). Combining the useful properties of different anaesthetics in this way may lead to better control of anaesthesia in cephalopods, which is now an essential requirement in view of recent and pending legislation regarding the treatment of cephalopods as experimental animals (Andrews et al, 2013;Boyle, 1991;Moltschaniwskyj et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Gleadall

2013

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Gleadall

2013

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The hatchlings we used for these experiments were between 0 and 4 months old. To kill animals, we first anesthetized them in a seawater solution containing 5% ethanol and 7.5% isotonic MgCl 2 until the chromatophores no longer responded to gentle poking and ventilation slowed, followed by quick decerebration (Moltschaniwskyj et al, 2007;Andrews et al, 2013).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-independent, light-activated chromatophore expansion (LACE) and expression of phototransduction genes in the skin of Octopus bimaculoides

Ramirez

Oakley

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cephalopods are renowned for changing the color and pattern of their skin for both camouflage and communication. Yet, we do not fully understand how cephalopods control the pigmented chromatophore organs in their skin and change their body pattern. Although these changes primarily rely on eyesight, we found that light causes chromatophores to expand in excised pieces of Octopus bimaculoides skin. We call this behavior light-activated chromatophore expansion (or LACE). To uncover how octopus skin senses light, we used antibodies against r-opsin phototransduction proteins to identify sensory neurons that express r-opsin in the skin. We hypothesized that octopus LACE relies on the same r-opsin phototransduction cascade found in octopus eyes. By creating an action spectrum for the latency to LACE, we found that LACE occurred most quickly in response to blue light. We fit our action spectrum data to a standard opsin curve template and estimated the λ max of LACE to be 480 nm. Consistent with our hypothesis, the maximum sensitivity of the light sensors underlying LACE closely matches the known spectral sensitivity of opsin from octopus eyes. LACE in isolated preparations suggests that octopus skin is intrinsically light sensitive and that this dispersed light sense might contribute to their unique and novel patterning abilities. Finally, our data suggest that a common molecular mechanism for light detection in eyes may have been co-opted for light sensing in octopus skin and then used for LACE.

show abstract

“…Before dissecting, each octopus was cooled by immersion in seawater at 5°C for 3 min (derived from Roper and Sweeney 1983) to induce narcotisation to enable humane killing (Andrews et al 2013) in consideration of ethical protocols (Mather and Anderson 2007) and the animals' welfare during manipulations (Moltschaniwskyj et al 2007). Soon after narcotisation, the organisms were dissected and two weights ( ± 0.001 g) were taken per octopus: (1) RCW-reproductive complex weight: identified as accessory glands without gonad, i.e.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal changes of progesterone and testosterone concentrations throughout gonad maturation stages of the Mexican octopus,Octopus maya(Octopodidae: Octopus)

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Variations in progesterone (P 4 ) and testosterone (T) levels in the gonad of Octopus maya from Sisal in Yucatan State, Mexico, were investigated by radioimmunoassays and in relation to four gonad maturation stages (GMS) and to the reproductive cycle, as represented by two maturity indices (microscopic 'MiMI' and macroscopic 'MaMI'). According to the GMS and the maturity indices, the reproductive season of O. maya from Yucatan occurred from February to June. In females, P 4 and T displayed the same pattern, with a tendency to increase at the same time, although on average, P 4 had seven-fold higher concentrations than T. In contrast, P 4 and T in male gonads displayed a different pattern, where T concentrations were relatively stable throughout all of the study months. In the female gonad P 4 was lowest (close to 0 pg g -1 ) during both developing (GMS-I) and maturing (GMS-II) stages, and increased (189 ± 53 pg g -1 ) approaching the mature stage (GMS-III) to a maximum value of 611 pg g -1 . Concentrations of T in the male gonad were lowest (106 ± 9 pg g -1 ) during the maturing stage (GMS-II) and increased up to the mature stage (GMS-III), reaching a maximum of 440 pg g -1 . Pearson's correlation (r) between hormones and maturity indices showed strong relationships for females (around 0.4 and − 0.7; p < 0.05), but there were negligible or weak relationships for males (0.2 and − 0.1; p > 0.05). Hormone correlations in females were inverse with MaMI and direct with MiMI. Our major findings showed that gonadal P 4 levels were elevated during GMS-III and GMS-IV (i.e. periods of vitellogenic oocytes), where the characteristic aspect is an ovary with very high oocyte diameters, with the primary follicle cells deeply infolded in the ooplasm for yolk synthesis. These results suggested a synchrony between P 4 and the process of folliculogenesis, and in turn, vitellogenesis.

show abstract

The identification and management of pain, suffering and distress in cephalopods, including anaesthesia, analgesia and humane killing

Cited by 149 publications

References 135 publications

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Eye-independent, light-activated chromatophore expansion (LACE) and expression of phototransduction genes in the skin of Octopus bimaculoides

Seasonal changes of progesterone and testosterone concentrations throughout gonad maturation stages of the Mexican octopus,Octopus maya(Octopodidae: Octopus)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About