The ideal subject distance for passport pictures

Verhoff, Marcel A.; Witzel, Carsten; Kreutz, Kerstin; Ramsthaler, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.03.011

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, several other parameters of an image are altered when the distance between the object and the viewer is changed, for example, when the distance decreases, the ears look smaller, the face appears with sharper features, and the nose looks relatively larger (Bryan et al, 2012;Verhoff, Witzel, Kreutz, & Ramsthaler, 2008 (Bryan et al, 2012). However, several other parameters of an image are altered when the distance between the object and the viewer is changed, for example, when the distance decreases, the ears look smaller, the face appears with sharper features, and the nose looks relatively larger (Bryan et al, 2012;Verhoff, Witzel, Kreutz, & Ramsthaler, 2008 (Bryan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The facial width‐to‐height ratio determines interpersonal distance preferences in the observer

Lieberz

Windmann

Geniole

et al. 2017

Aggressive Behavior

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Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is correlated with a number of aspects of aggressive behavior in men. Observers appear to be able to assess aggressiveness from male fWHR, but implications for interpersonal distance preferences have not yet been determined. This study utilized a novel computerized stop-distance task to examine interpersonal space preferences of female participants who envisioned being approached by a man; men's faces photographed posed in neutral facial expressions were shown in increasing size to mimic approach. We explored the effect of the men's fWHR, their behavioral aggression (measured previously in a computer game), and women's ratings of the men's aggressiveness, attractiveness, and masculinity on the preferred interpersonal distance of 52 German women. Hierarchical linear modelling confirmed the relationship between the fWHR and trait judgements (ratings of aggressiveness, attractiveness, and masculinity). There were effects of fWHR and actual aggression on the preferred interpersonal distance, even when controlling statistically for men's and the participants' age. Ratings of attractiveness, however, was the most influential variable predicting preferred interpersonal distance. Our results extend earlier findings on fWHR as a cue of aggressiveness in men by demonstrating implications for social interaction. In conclusion, women are able to accurately detect aggressiveness in emotionally neutral facial expressions, and adapt their social distance preferences accordingly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The facial width‐to‐height ratio determines interpersonal distance preferences in the observer

Lieberz

Windmann

Geniole

et al. 2017

Aggressive Behavior

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“…The image varies with distance from the center of projection, even when equated for size (see Figure 1a); e.g., the nose looks relatively larger and the ears smaller as the distance decreases [8]. Such differences may be modeled as a distance-dependent image warp or distortion (see Figure 1c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Distortion from Interpersonal Distance Is an Implicit Visual Cue for Social Judgments of Faces

2012

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The basis on which people make social judgments from the image of a face remains an important open problem in fields ranging from psychology to neuroscience and economics. Multiple cues from facial appearance influence the judgments that viewers make. Here we investigate the contribution of a novel cue: the change in appearance due to the perspective distortion that results from viewing distance. We found that photographs of faces taken from within personal space elicit lower investments in an economic trust game, and lower ratings of social traits (such as trustworthiness, competence, and attractiveness), compared to photographs taken from a greater distance. The effect was replicated across multiple studies that controlled for facial image size, facial expression and lighting, and was not explained by face width-to-height ratio, explicit knowledge of the camera distance, or whether the faces are perceived as typical. These results demonstrate a novel facial cue influencing a range of social judgments as a function of interpersonal distance, an effect that may be processed implicitly.

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“…Hair was pushed back behind the ears carefully and secured with a regular metal hairpin, to enable maximum viewing of the facial details. To minimise perspective distortion during image capture, an optimal distance between a living subject and camera lens is typically recommended at 2m [15]. Shrunken heads are however often reduced to approximately a fifth the size of an average adult head.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recently identified features that help to distinguish ceremonial tsantsa from commercial shrunken heads

Houlton

Wilkinson

2016

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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Highlights 65 shrunken human heads were examined using IRR, CT and microscopic hair analysis. Ten new characteristics for distinguishing ceremonial and commercials heads were identified. Commercial heads may be more reliably identified, than ceremonial tsantsa. AbstractThis is an anthropological investigation into a collection of 65 shrunken human heads, to determine if new characteristics can be identified to facilitate the differentiation between ceremonial tsantsa and commercial shrunken heads. Ceremonial tsantsa refers to shrunken heads mummified as war trophies within the ancient traditions and rituals of the Amazonian Shuar, Achuar, Awajún/Aguaruna, Wampís/Huambisa and CandoshiShapra (SAAWC). Commercial shrunken heads are comparatively modern objects constructed specifically for the collector market of the past. Low earning individuals in South and Middle America, outwith the SAAWC culture, who had access to corpses and appropriate medical or taxidermy provisions, produced these for trade purposes. These heads were made in abundance and do not present the same historical value or heritage as ceremonial tsantsa. The relevance of an accurate provenance for heads may directly impact museums, with regard to identifying the authenticity of a specimen and how they should handle any potential requests to return such artefacts to their cultural homes.Complying with current anthropological standards, a total of 6 ceremonial tsantsa and 36 commercial heads were identified. Greater confidence is prescribed to the assignment of commercial heads as their morphological appearance is at odds with the highly standardised presentation of ceremonial tsantsa. Many indicated that the processor had access to modern resources such as gloves and fine suturing equipment, which were not typically available to the SAAWC. Since traders sometimes closely replicating ceremonial tsantsa when shrinking and decorating heads for trade, limited certainty can be prescribed to this category.Minor deviations in ceremonial design resulted in 23 heads being defined as ambiguous in origin.Each head was examined by manual inspection, infrared reflectography (IRR), CT and microscopic hair analysis, with ten new differentiating characteristics identified.

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The ideal subject distance for passport pictures

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

The facial width‐to‐height ratio determines interpersonal distance preferences in the observer

The facial width‐to‐height ratio determines interpersonal distance preferences in the observer

Perspective Distortion from Interpersonal Distance Is an Implicit Visual Cue for Social Judgments of Faces

Recently identified features that help to distinguish ceremonial tsantsa from commercial shrunken heads

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